Click this Link to read the Book Pathan and Baloch Across the border by Oliver Edward Emmerson
Thursday, 18 September 2014
Across the border Pathan and Baloch (1890) by Oliver, Edward Emmerson
Across the border Pathan and Baloch (1890) by Oliver, Edward Emmerso
Click this Link to read the Book Pathan and Baloch Across the border by Oliver Edward Emmerson
Click this Link to read the Book Pathan and Baloch Across the border by Oliver Edward Emmerson
History of Barkhan District
Barkhan is named after Mir Baro Khan Khetran Baloch who was a Baloch Sardar. in the eighteenth centenary barozai pathans invaded barkhan but the barozai were defeated by the Khetran Baloch after some time kakars of zhob also tried to invade it but they were also defeated by Khetran Baloch
Ahmed Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (1722 – 16 October 1772) (Pashto/Persian: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Khān Abdālī (Pashto/Persian: احمد خان ابدالي), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
Ahmad Shah enlisted as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers.[5] After the death of Nader Shah Afshar of Persia in June 1747, Abdali became the King of Afghanistan. Rallying his Pashtun tribes and Baloch allies,[6] he pushed east towards the Mughal and the Maratha empires of India, west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Persia, and north toward the Khanate of Bukhara. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.[3][7] Ahmad Shah's mausoleum is located at Kandahar, Afghanistan, adjacent to the Shrine of the Cloak in the center of the city. Afghans often refer to him as Ahmad Shāh Bābā ("Ahmad Shah the Father"
Ahmad Shah was born in 1722 in multan to Muhammed Zaman Khan Abdali, a chief of the Abdalis and governor of Herat, and Zarghuna Alakozai. It is believed that Durrani was born in the city of Heratin present-day Afghanistan. Some claim that he was born in afghanistan which is not true in the Mughal Empire and taken as an infant with his mother Zarghuna Alakozai to Herat city where his father had served as the governor.[11] On the contrary, several historians assert that he was born in Herat One of the historians relied on primary sources such as Mahmud-ul-Musanna's Tarikh-i-Ahmad Shahi of 1753 and Imam-uddin al-Hussaini's Tarikh-i-Hussain Shahi of 1798.
Ahmad Shah's father, Zaman Khan Abdali, was killed in a battle with the Hotakis around the time of Ahmad Shah's birth. His family were from the Sadozai section of the Popalzai clan of the Abdalis. Ahmad Shah's mother was from the Alakozai clan of the Abdalis. In 1729, after the invasion of Nader Shah, the young Ahmad Shah fled with his family south to Kandahar and took refuge with the Ghilzais.[15] He and his brother, Zulfikar, were later imprisoned inside a fortress by Hussain Hotaki, the Ghilzai ruler of Kandahar.
In around 1731, Nader Shah Afshar, the rising new ruler of Persia, began enlisting the Abdali Pashtuns from Herat in his army. After conquering Kandahar in 1738, Ahmad Shah and his brother were freed by Nader Shah and provided with leading careers in his administration. The Ghilzais were expelled from Kandahar city and the Abdalis began to settle in the city.
Following his predecessor, Ahmad Shah Durrani set up a special force closest to him consisting mostly of his fellow Durranis and other Pashtuns, as well as Baloch Tajiks, Qizilbash and others.[16] Durrani began his military conquest by capturing Ghazni from the Ghilzais and then wresting Kabul from the local ruler, and thus strengthened his hold over eastern Khorasan which is most of present-day Afghanistan. Leadership of the various Afghan tribes rested mainly on the ability to provide booty for the clan, and Durrani proved remarkably successful in providing both booty and occupation for his followers. Apart from invading the Punjab region three times between the years 1747–1753, he captured Herat in 1750 and Ahmed Shah Durrani with 5,000 Afghans and 3,000 Baloch troops under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch Captured Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751 and 1770.[21]
Durrani first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan forces of the Durrani Empire. Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah and his Afghan forces turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia. The city fell to Ahmad Shah in 1750, after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict; Ahmad Shah Abdali with his Afghan and Baloch forces then pushed on into present-day Iran, capturing Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751. He then pardoned Shah Rukh and reconstituted Khorasan, but a tributary of the Durrani Empire. This marked the westernmost border of the Durrani Empire as set by the Pul-i-Abrisham, on the Mashhad-Tehran road.[22]
Meanwhile, in the preceding three years, the Sikhs had occupied the city of Lahore, and Ahmad Shah had to return in 1751 to oust them. In 1752, Ahmad Shah with his forces invaded and reduced Kashmir. He next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik and Hazara peoples of northern, central, and western Afghanistan. In 1752, Kashmiri nobles invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade the province and oust the ineffectual Mughal rulers.
Then in 1756–57, in what was his fourth invasion of India, Ahmad Shah sacked Delhi and plundered Agra, Mathura, and Vrndavana. However, he did not displace the Mughal dynasty, which remained in nominal control as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad's suzerainty over the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. He installed a puppet emperor, Alamgir II, on the Mughal throne, and arranged marriages for himself and his son Timur into the imperial family that same year. He married the daughter of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Leaving his second son Timur Shah (who was wed to the daughter of Alamgir II) to safeguard his interests, Durrani finally left India to return to Afghanistan.
On his way back he attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar and filled its sacred pool with the blood of slaughtered cows. Durrani captured Amritsar in 1757, and sacked the Harmandir Sahib at which point the famous Baba Deep Singh and some of his loyalists were killed by the Afghans.[This final act was to be the start of long lasting bitterness between Sikhs and Afghans.
Defeat of Ahmed Shah Abdali and Treaty of Kalat in 1758
Mir Noori Naseer Khan was in an Alliance with Ahmed Shah Durrani from 1749 to 1757 but he declared himself independent and broke the alliance with Afghans in 1758 as Ahmed Shah started interfering in the internal affairs of Balochistan Ahmed Shah Abdali tried every means of reconciliation to induce him to return to his alliance and agree to pay his usual tribute but Mir Naseer Khan treated the advance of Ahmed Shah with contempt and sent to him in reply a register of the Baloch army which exhibited an aggregate of two hundred thousand armed men ready to take up arms against him and Naseer Khan Baloch also told Ahmed Shah that don't interfere in my internal affairs for the next time. left with no alternative Ahmed Shah had to dispatch an army against Naseer Khan Baloch under the command of his prime minister Shah Wali Khan Mir Naseer Khan was not frightened at the approach of the Afghan army he levied his troops and as soon as he was informed of the arrival of shah wali khan he issued forth from Mastung to meet him the battle was fought near Pedangabad Mastung, the troops of Shah Wali were defeated by Noori Naseer Khan and forced to retire to a distance of thirty miles from the field of action. hearing the news of defeat Ahmed Shah Durrani came with a huge army of Afghan and non Afghan tribes and defeated Noori Naseer Khan in Mastung District Naseer Khan retreated in all haste to his stronger position in Kalat where Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch Defeated Ahmed Shah Abdali after which the treaty of Kalat was singed between both countries.all those historians who researched on Balochistan, majority of them accepted these reasons and events and as well as the treaty of Kalat in 1758 A.D. like, Mason, Hennery Pottinger, Ganda Singh, Elphinston e and Akhund Mohammad Siddique.The main points of the treaty were following:-
1) Khan - e- Baloch, Mir Naseer Khan Baloch will not pay any tribute to Shah-e-Afghan in the future
2) Khan -e-Baloch will not supply San (Military assistance) to Ahmed Shah Durrani. But provided he is at war against external enemies, the Khan will supply a military contingent as a token of help, on the condition that the Afghan King provide annually Rs. 100,000 and military weapons and provide for the expenditure of the army as rewards
3) Khan -e- Baloch will not provide any help or asylum to rebel princes of the Sadozai or Afghan Chiefs. On the other hand, the Afghan King also will not give any help or refuge to prince of the Royal family of Kalat -e- Ahmedzai
4) Shah-e-Afghan in future will never interfere in the internal affairs, disputes and matters of Balochistan
5) all those areas of Khan -e- Baloch, which are in the possession of Shah-e-Afghan will be handed over today to Khan -e-Baloch
Third battle of Panipat
The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of Aurangzeb, who died in 1707. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa.[25] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. He succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule. Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Amidst appeals from Muslim leaders like Shah Waliullah, Ahmad Shah chose to return to India and confront the Maratha Confederacy.
in 1761 Shah Waliullah of Delhi wrote to Ahmed Shah Abdali asking him to help his brethren-in-faith so He declared a jihad (Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Pashtun tribes,and 25,000 warriors from various Baloch tribes joined him under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch.The Early skirmishes ended in victory for the Afghan and Baloch against the smaller Maratha garrisons in northwest India. By 1759, Durrani and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a battle for control of northern India. The Third battle of Panipat (January 1761), fought between largely Afghan and Baloch armies of Abdali, largely Hindu Maratha army was waged along a twelve-kilometre front, and resulted in a decisive victory for Ahmad Shah.
Central Asia
Ahmad Shah dispatched troops to Kokand after rumours that the Qing dynasty planned to launch an expedition to Samarkand, but the alleged expedition never materialized and Ahmad Shah subsequently withdrew his forces.Ahmad Shah then sent envoys to Beijing to discuss the situation regarding the Afaqi Khojas.
Rise of the Sikhs in the Punjab
See also: Sikh holocaust of 1746 and Sikh holocaust of 1762
During the Third Battle of Panipat between Marathas and Ahmad Shah, the Sikhs did not engage along with the Marathas and hence are considered neutral in the war. This was because of the flawed diplomacy on the part of Marathas in not recognizing their strategic potential. The exception was Ala Singh of Patiala, who sided with the Afghans and was actually being granted and coincidentally crowned the first Sikh Maharajah at the Sikh holy temple.
Victory against the Sikh in 1765
After the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Sikh once again resumed their infiltrations deeper into the region, finally capturing Lahore in 1764, where they established their short-lived Khalsa State extending from Jhelum to the banks of Jamuna. It was then that they rose against the Muslims, whose condition was getting progressively weaker due to the onset of the general decline of the Mughul Empire sensing danger to the cause of Islam Ahmed Shah Durrani declared jihad against Sikh and also requested Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch to join him with 15,000 Baloch Troops Which he did, Hence the Afghan and Baloch armies marched into India and defeated the Sikh in 1765 after which Ahmed Shah encamped in the fort of Rohtas here Ahmed Shah Durrani Thanked Naseer Khan Baloch for his valuable help,granted him the Territory of Quetta and also offered him the territories of Derajat, Multan and Jhang which he declined to except.
Ahmad Shah enlisted as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers.[5] After the death of Nader Shah Afshar of Persia in June 1747, Abdali became the King of Afghanistan. Rallying his Pashtun tribes and Baloch allies,[6] he pushed east towards the Mughal and the Maratha empires of India, west towards the disintegrating Afsharid Empire of Persia, and north toward the Khanate of Bukhara. Within a few years, he extended his control from Khorasan in the west to Kashmir and North India in the east, and from the Amu Darya in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.[3][7] Ahmad Shah's mausoleum is located at Kandahar, Afghanistan, adjacent to the Shrine of the Cloak in the center of the city. Afghans often refer to him as Ahmad Shāh Bābā ("Ahmad Shah the Father"
Ahmad Shah was born in 1722 in multan to Muhammed Zaman Khan Abdali, a chief of the Abdalis and governor of Herat, and Zarghuna Alakozai. It is believed that Durrani was born in the city of Heratin present-day Afghanistan. Some claim that he was born in afghanistan which is not true in the Mughal Empire and taken as an infant with his mother Zarghuna Alakozai to Herat city where his father had served as the governor.[11] On the contrary, several historians assert that he was born in Herat One of the historians relied on primary sources such as Mahmud-ul-Musanna's Tarikh-i-Ahmad Shahi of 1753 and Imam-uddin al-Hussaini's Tarikh-i-Hussain Shahi of 1798.
Ahmad Shah's father, Zaman Khan Abdali, was killed in a battle with the Hotakis around the time of Ahmad Shah's birth. His family were from the Sadozai section of the Popalzai clan of the Abdalis. Ahmad Shah's mother was from the Alakozai clan of the Abdalis. In 1729, after the invasion of Nader Shah, the young Ahmad Shah fled with his family south to Kandahar and took refuge with the Ghilzais.[15] He and his brother, Zulfikar, were later imprisoned inside a fortress by Hussain Hotaki, the Ghilzai ruler of Kandahar.
In around 1731, Nader Shah Afshar, the rising new ruler of Persia, began enlisting the Abdali Pashtuns from Herat in his army. After conquering Kandahar in 1738, Ahmad Shah and his brother were freed by Nader Shah and provided with leading careers in his administration. The Ghilzais were expelled from Kandahar city and the Abdalis began to settle in the city.
Following his predecessor, Ahmad Shah Durrani set up a special force closest to him consisting mostly of his fellow Durranis and other Pashtuns, as well as Baloch Tajiks, Qizilbash and others.[16] Durrani began his military conquest by capturing Ghazni from the Ghilzais and then wresting Kabul from the local ruler, and thus strengthened his hold over eastern Khorasan which is most of present-day Afghanistan. Leadership of the various Afghan tribes rested mainly on the ability to provide booty for the clan, and Durrani proved remarkably successful in providing both booty and occupation for his followers. Apart from invading the Punjab region three times between the years 1747–1753, he captured Herat in 1750 and Ahmed Shah Durrani with 5,000 Afghans and 3,000 Baloch troops under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch Captured Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751 and 1770.[21]
Durrani first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan forces of the Durrani Empire. Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah and his Afghan forces turned westward to take possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nader Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh of Persia. The city fell to Ahmad Shah in 1750, after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict; Ahmad Shah Abdali with his Afghan and Baloch forces then pushed on into present-day Iran, capturing Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751. He then pardoned Shah Rukh and reconstituted Khorasan, but a tributary of the Durrani Empire. This marked the westernmost border of the Durrani Empire as set by the Pul-i-Abrisham, on the Mashhad-Tehran road.[22]
Meanwhile, in the preceding three years, the Sikhs had occupied the city of Lahore, and Ahmad Shah had to return in 1751 to oust them. In 1752, Ahmad Shah with his forces invaded and reduced Kashmir. He next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik and Hazara peoples of northern, central, and western Afghanistan. In 1752, Kashmiri nobles invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade the province and oust the ineffectual Mughal rulers.
Then in 1756–57, in what was his fourth invasion of India, Ahmad Shah sacked Delhi and plundered Agra, Mathura, and Vrndavana. However, he did not displace the Mughal dynasty, which remained in nominal control as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad's suzerainty over the Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. He installed a puppet emperor, Alamgir II, on the Mughal throne, and arranged marriages for himself and his son Timur into the imperial family that same year. He married the daughter of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Leaving his second son Timur Shah (who was wed to the daughter of Alamgir II) to safeguard his interests, Durrani finally left India to return to Afghanistan.
On his way back he attacked the Golden Temple in Amritsar and filled its sacred pool with the blood of slaughtered cows. Durrani captured Amritsar in 1757, and sacked the Harmandir Sahib at which point the famous Baba Deep Singh and some of his loyalists were killed by the Afghans.[This final act was to be the start of long lasting bitterness between Sikhs and Afghans.
Defeat of Ahmed Shah Abdali and Treaty of Kalat in 1758
Mir Noori Naseer Khan was in an Alliance with Ahmed Shah Durrani from 1749 to 1757 but he declared himself independent and broke the alliance with Afghans in 1758 as Ahmed Shah started interfering in the internal affairs of Balochistan Ahmed Shah Abdali tried every means of reconciliation to induce him to return to his alliance and agree to pay his usual tribute but Mir Naseer Khan treated the advance of Ahmed Shah with contempt and sent to him in reply a register of the Baloch army which exhibited an aggregate of two hundred thousand armed men ready to take up arms against him and Naseer Khan Baloch also told Ahmed Shah that don't interfere in my internal affairs for the next time. left with no alternative Ahmed Shah had to dispatch an army against Naseer Khan Baloch under the command of his prime minister Shah Wali Khan Mir Naseer Khan was not frightened at the approach of the Afghan army he levied his troops and as soon as he was informed of the arrival of shah wali khan he issued forth from Mastung to meet him the battle was fought near Pedangabad Mastung, the troops of Shah Wali were defeated by Noori Naseer Khan and forced to retire to a distance of thirty miles from the field of action. hearing the news of defeat Ahmed Shah Durrani came with a huge army of Afghan and non Afghan tribes and defeated Noori Naseer Khan in Mastung District Naseer Khan retreated in all haste to his stronger position in Kalat where Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch Defeated Ahmed Shah Abdali after which the treaty of Kalat was singed between both countries.all those historians who researched on Balochistan, majority of them accepted these reasons and events and as well as the treaty of Kalat in 1758 A.D. like, Mason, Hennery Pottinger, Ganda Singh, Elphinston e and Akhund Mohammad Siddique.The main points of the treaty were following:-
1) Khan - e- Baloch, Mir Naseer Khan Baloch will not pay any tribute to Shah-e-Afghan in the future
2) Khan -e-Baloch will not supply San (Military assistance) to Ahmed Shah Durrani. But provided he is at war against external enemies, the Khan will supply a military contingent as a token of help, on the condition that the Afghan King provide annually Rs. 100,000 and military weapons and provide for the expenditure of the army as rewards
3) Khan -e- Baloch will not provide any help or asylum to rebel princes of the Sadozai or Afghan Chiefs. On the other hand, the Afghan King also will not give any help or refuge to prince of the Royal family of Kalat -e- Ahmedzai
4) Shah-e-Afghan in future will never interfere in the internal affairs, disputes and matters of Balochistan
5) all those areas of Khan -e- Baloch, which are in the possession of Shah-e-Afghan will be handed over today to Khan -e-Baloch
Third battle of Panipat
The Mughal power in northern India had been declining since the reign of Aurangzeb, who died in 1707. In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa.[25] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at Pune and Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. He succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule. Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Amidst appeals from Muslim leaders like Shah Waliullah, Ahmad Shah chose to return to India and confront the Maratha Confederacy.
in 1761 Shah Waliullah of Delhi wrote to Ahmed Shah Abdali asking him to help his brethren-in-faith so He declared a jihad (Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Pashtun tribes,and 25,000 warriors from various Baloch tribes joined him under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch.The Early skirmishes ended in victory for the Afghan and Baloch against the smaller Maratha garrisons in northwest India. By 1759, Durrani and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a battle for control of northern India. The Third battle of Panipat (January 1761), fought between largely Afghan and Baloch armies of Abdali, largely Hindu Maratha army was waged along a twelve-kilometre front, and resulted in a decisive victory for Ahmad Shah.
Central Asia
Ahmad Shah dispatched troops to Kokand after rumours that the Qing dynasty planned to launch an expedition to Samarkand, but the alleged expedition never materialized and Ahmad Shah subsequently withdrew his forces.Ahmad Shah then sent envoys to Beijing to discuss the situation regarding the Afaqi Khojas.
Rise of the Sikhs in the Punjab
See also: Sikh holocaust of 1746 and Sikh holocaust of 1762
During the Third Battle of Panipat between Marathas and Ahmad Shah, the Sikhs did not engage along with the Marathas and hence are considered neutral in the war. This was because of the flawed diplomacy on the part of Marathas in not recognizing their strategic potential. The exception was Ala Singh of Patiala, who sided with the Afghans and was actually being granted and coincidentally crowned the first Sikh Maharajah at the Sikh holy temple.
Victory against the Sikh in 1765
After the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Sikh once again resumed their infiltrations deeper into the region, finally capturing Lahore in 1764, where they established their short-lived Khalsa State extending from Jhelum to the banks of Jamuna. It was then that they rose against the Muslims, whose condition was getting progressively weaker due to the onset of the general decline of the Mughul Empire sensing danger to the cause of Islam Ahmed Shah Durrani declared jihad against Sikh and also requested Khan of Kalat Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch to join him with 15,000 Baloch Troops Which he did, Hence the Afghan and Baloch armies marched into India and defeated the Sikh in 1765 after which Ahmed Shah encamped in the fort of Rohtas here Ahmed Shah Durrani Thanked Naseer Khan Baloch for his valuable help,granted him the Territory of Quetta and also offered him the territories of Derajat, Multan and Jhang which he declined to except.
Mahmud Hotaki
Shah Mahmud Hotaki, (turkish, Dari, Urdu, Arabic: شاہ محمود ہوتکی), also known as Mahmud Ghilzai (1697? — April 22, 1725), was a Turkish ruler of the Hotaki dynastybecome the king of afghanistan from 1722 until his death in 1725.
He was the eldest son of Mirwais Hotak, the chief of the Ghilzai-turkish tribe of Afghanistan, When Mirwais was killed by baloch in 1715, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz, but the Ghilzai turkish persuaded Mahmud to seize power for himself and in 1717 he overthrew and killed his uncle
1720, Mahmud and the turkish Ghilzais defeated the rival ethnic Afghan tribe of the Abdalis. However, Mahmud had designs on the Persian empire itself. He had already launched a failed expedition against Kerman in 1719 Failing in this attempt and in another siege on Yazd, in early 1722, Mahmud turned his attention to the shah's capital Isfahan but was defeated by the Persians at the Battle of Gulnabad. Rather than biding his time within the city and resisting a siege in which the small Afghan army was unlikely to succeed, Sultan Husayn marched out to meet Mahmud's force at Golnabad. Here, on March 8, the afghan royal army was thoroughly routed and fled back to afghanistan in disarray. The Mahmud Hotaki was urged to escape to the provinces to raise more troops but he decided to remain in the capital which was now encircled by the persians Mahmud's failed siege of Isfahan lasted from March to October, 1722. Lacking artillery, he was forced to resort to a long blockade in the hope of starving the afghans into submission. Mahmud Hotaki's command during the siege displayed his customary lack of decisiveness and the loyalty of his provincial governors wavered in the face of such incompetence. Starvation and disease finally forced Mamud Afghan into submission (it is estimated that 80,000 afghans died during the siege). On October 23, Mahmud Hotaki abdicated and acknowledged Sultan Husayn as the shah of Persia.
He was the eldest son of Mirwais Hotak, the chief of the Ghilzai-turkish tribe of Afghanistan, When Mirwais was killed by baloch in 1715, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz, but the Ghilzai turkish persuaded Mahmud to seize power for himself and in 1717 he overthrew and killed his uncle
1720, Mahmud and the turkish Ghilzais defeated the rival ethnic Afghan tribe of the Abdalis. However, Mahmud had designs on the Persian empire itself. He had already launched a failed expedition against Kerman in 1719 Failing in this attempt and in another siege on Yazd, in early 1722, Mahmud turned his attention to the shah's capital Isfahan but was defeated by the Persians at the Battle of Gulnabad. Rather than biding his time within the city and resisting a siege in which the small Afghan army was unlikely to succeed, Sultan Husayn marched out to meet Mahmud's force at Golnabad. Here, on March 8, the afghan royal army was thoroughly routed and fled back to afghanistan in disarray. The Mahmud Hotaki was urged to escape to the provinces to raise more troops but he decided to remain in the capital which was now encircled by the persians Mahmud's failed siege of Isfahan lasted from March to October, 1722. Lacking artillery, he was forced to resort to a long blockade in the hope of starving the afghans into submission. Mahmud Hotaki's command during the siege displayed his customary lack of decisiveness and the loyalty of his provincial governors wavered in the face of such incompetence. Starvation and disease finally forced Mamud Afghan into submission (it is estimated that 80,000 afghans died during the siege). On October 23, Mahmud Hotaki abdicated and acknowledged Sultan Husayn as the shah of Persia.
The Ghilzai Khilji Hotaki Dynasty
"The Khilji dynasty was named after a village in
Afghanistan. Some historians feel that they were Afghans, but Bharani
and Wolse Haig have mentioned in their accounts that the rulers from
this dynasty who came to India had temporarily settled in
Afghanistan, but were originally Turks".
"The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court".
The three sultans of the Khalji dynasty were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration from Afghanistan into what is now India. Although the rulers were members of Turko-Afghan origin, the court was of multi-ethnical background, filled with ministers, vezirs, poets, writers, teachers etc. of Turkic, Indian, Persian, and Arab background. The term Khilji was their self-designation, (see also Ibn Batuta's and Ibn Khaldun's excessive quantity) meaning in Turkic languages "swordsman" or in Ottoman-Turkish "long arm" or "long fingers" and in Pashto language "thief".
Originated from upper Central Asia, they came in contact with the multi-ethnic population of Khorasan and thus with the native ruling class, the Ghaznavids and later Ghurids, who islamized them and taught them their culture, language and civilization. During the Ghaznavid period, the Khiljis were ruled for a short time by the Seljuqs, who expanded their Khorasanian empire until they were driven out by the alliance of Ghurids. Under the Ghurids, the Khiljis had still the slave-statue as before under the Ghaznavids and played a role in Ghurid's slave army, Bardagân-e Nezâmi, also called Ghilman.
Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji, one of the servants of Qutb-ud-din Aybak who was himself an ex-slave of the Ghurids and of Turkic background and an Indo-Ghurid Shah (king) and founder of the Delhi Sultanat, conquered Bihar and Bengal regions of India in the late 12th century. From this time, the Khiljis became servants and vassals of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi. From 1266 to his death in 1290, the Sultan of Delhi was officially Ghiyas ud din Balban, another servant of Qutab-ud-din Aybak. Balban's immediate successors, however, were unable to manage either the administration or the factional conflicts between the old Turkic nobility and the new forces, led by the Khaljis. After a struggle between the two factions, Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji was established by a noble faction of Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Indian-Muslim aristocrates on the collapse of the last feeble Slave king, Kay-Qubadh. Their rise to power was aided by impatient outsiders, some of them Indian-born Muslims, who might expect to enhance their positions if the hold of the followers of Balban and the Forty (members of the royal Loya Jirga) were broken. Jalal-ud-din was already elderly, and for a time he was so unpopular, because his tribe was thought to be close to the nomadic Afghans, that he dared not to enter the capital. During his short reign (1290-96), some of Balban's officers revolted due to this assumption but Jalal-ud-din suppressed them, led an unsuccessful expedition against Ranthambhor, and defeated a substantial Mongol force on the banks of the Sind River in central India.
Ali Gurshap, his nephew and son-in-law was ordered by his father to lead an expedition with ca. 4000-7000 men into the Hindu Deccan where the conquered countries had refused obedience and to capture Ellichpur and it's treasure and possibly it was also his father's order to murder his uncle after his return in 1296. However, the prince is considered to be the greatest among the Khiljis, due to successfully repelling of two invasions from the Mongols.
With the title of Ala ud din Khilji, Ali Gurshap reigned for 20 years. He captured Ranthambhor (1301) and Chitor (1303), conquered Māndu (1305), and captured and annexed the wealthy Hindu kingdom of Devagiri. He also repelled Mongol raids. Ala-ud-din's lieutenant, Malik Kafur, a native Muslim Indian, was sent on a plundering expedition to the south in 1308, which led to the capture of Warangal, the overthrow of the Hoysala Dynasty south of the Krishna River, and the occupation of Madura in the extreme south. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with spoils. Thereafter, the empire felt into a deep political and family decadence. The sultan died in early 1316. Malik Kafur's attempted usurpation ended with his own death. The last Khalji, Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah, was murdered in 1320 by former Indian slave who was also chief minister and his friend, Khusraw Khan, who was in turn replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the first ruler of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty. A remnant of the ruling house of the Khaljis ruled in Malwa from 1436 to 1530/31 until the Sultan of Gujarat cleansed their entire nobility.
To some extent then, the Khilji usurpation was a move toward the recognition of a shifting balance of power, attributable both to the developments outside the territory of the Delhi sultanate, in Central Asia and Iran, and to the changes that followed the establishment of Turkic rule in northern India.
In large measure, the dislocation in the regions beyond the northwest assured the establishment of an independent Delhi-Sultanate and its subsequent consolidation. The eastern steppe tribes' movements to the west not only ended the threat to Delhi from the rival Turks and Iranians in Ghazna and Ghur but also forced a number of the Central Asian Muslims to migrate to northern India, a land that came to be known as Hindustan. Almost all the high nobles, including the famous Forty in the 13th century, were of Central Asian origin (mostly Iranians and Turks). Many of them were slaves purchased from the Central Asian bazaars. The same phenomenon also led to the destabilization of the core of the Turkic Mamluks. With the Mongol plunder of Central Asia and eastern Iran (modern Afghanistan, Samarkand, Bukhara, Gorgon, Khwarezm, Merv, Peshawar, Swat, Quetta ... and borderlands), many more members of the political and religious elite of these regions were thrown into north India, where they were admitted into various levels of the military and administrative cadre by the early Delhi sultans.
The position of the Khiljis within the Turkic society of India
The Khilji Turks were not recognized by the older nobility as coming from a pure Turkic stock even in Singam and Kuselan (although they were ethnic Turks), since they were (unlike the Turks and their Turkic nobility who tried to intermerry only into Turkic families) assimilated into non-Turks, mostly by Muslims of Indian, Afghan (Pashtun) and Arab (bedouines) origine, who populated the entire North-West India and near locations which cause that they were in terms of customs and manners different from the Turks. Although they had played a conspicuous role in the success of the Turkic armies in India, they had always been looked down upon by the leading Turks, the dominant group during the Slave dynasty. This tension between the Khiljis and other Turks, kept in check by Balban, came to the surface in the succeeding reign, and ended in the displacement of the Ilbari Turks.Khilji tribe was mostly known for thier ferocious war capabilities and retaliation against any invader.
Origin of the Khalji people
It seems, that the larger Khilji tribe was once member of Hephthalites of central Asia who also conquered -invaded- India. Originally, the Khaljis were mainly dwelling in Turkestan, except in some cases or members of ancient Gökturks. In older scripts of Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarezmi, Masudi, in Juzjani's Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib and of Arab and Indian historians (Ibn Batuta, Ibn Khaldun or Vahara Mihira etc.) they are considered as one of the original (in the sense of real) members of the Hephtalite's confederation and of Turkic origin who are also found as nomads near Bactria, in Turfan (Turkestan) and east-ward of modern Ghazni in Afghanistan. Possibly, they have split themselves from these large area up and moved to Iran, Armenia, Iraq, Anatolia, Turkmenistan, Punjab) and modern Pakistan and Afghanistan, around the Sulaiman Mountains under the Ghaznavids (see also on Ghalzais). In Iran, they moved to Pars where they settled an isolated region which is called today as Khaljistan - Land of Khaljis. However, Persians of Iran use the term Khalji also to describe nomads of Turkic background in their country. Also in in the Kohistan destrict of Pakistan, there is a place called after the Khiljis. The Khilji people of Iran and Afghanistan, the Ghilzai (also called Khaldjish) fraction of the Pashtuns, the Khaldji people of Bengal and Sindh are considered as descendants of ancient and middle-age Khalji (sub-)tribes. However, modern Khalji people are not more comparable to the past Khalji tribes who were of pure Turkic stock. For example in the case of India, modern Khalji people became ethnic Indians and lost their east-Asian features and their Turkic identity. In Iran, Afghanistan and Iraq, they are either of hybrid origin or in the case of Turkmen Khalji tribe they kept Turks but became culturally Iranians and South Asian. Because of this fact, most of modern Khalji people and tribes have no more ties or any kind of an identity that trace them intentional to the Turks, except for the Khaljis of Iran and Afghanistan, who speak a Khalaj dialect of the Khalaj language group.
Cultural achievements and religious propagation
The main court language of Khiljis became Persian, followed by Arabic and their own native Turkoman language and some of north-Indian dialects. Even if it was not related with their nature as original nomads and had no ties with urbane cultures and civilizations, the Khilji of Delhi promoted Persian language to a high degree. Such a co-existence of different languages gave birth to the earliest and archaic version of Urdu. According to Ibn Batuta, the Khiljis encouraged conversion to Islam by making it a custom to have the convert presented to the Sultan who would place a robe on the convert and award him with bracelets of gold. During Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam.
"The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court".
The three sultans of the Khalji dynasty were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration from Afghanistan into what is now India. Although the rulers were members of Turko-Afghan origin, the court was of multi-ethnical background, filled with ministers, vezirs, poets, writers, teachers etc. of Turkic, Indian, Persian, and Arab background. The term Khilji was their self-designation, (see also Ibn Batuta's and Ibn Khaldun's excessive quantity) meaning in Turkic languages "swordsman" or in Ottoman-Turkish "long arm" or "long fingers" and in Pashto language "thief".
Originated from upper Central Asia, they came in contact with the multi-ethnic population of Khorasan and thus with the native ruling class, the Ghaznavids and later Ghurids, who islamized them and taught them their culture, language and civilization. During the Ghaznavid period, the Khiljis were ruled for a short time by the Seljuqs, who expanded their Khorasanian empire until they were driven out by the alliance of Ghurids. Under the Ghurids, the Khiljis had still the slave-statue as before under the Ghaznavids and played a role in Ghurid's slave army, Bardagân-e Nezâmi, also called Ghilman.
Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji, one of the servants of Qutb-ud-din Aybak who was himself an ex-slave of the Ghurids and of Turkic background and an Indo-Ghurid Shah (king) and founder of the Delhi Sultanat, conquered Bihar and Bengal regions of India in the late 12th century. From this time, the Khiljis became servants and vassals of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi. From 1266 to his death in 1290, the Sultan of Delhi was officially Ghiyas ud din Balban, another servant of Qutab-ud-din Aybak. Balban's immediate successors, however, were unable to manage either the administration or the factional conflicts between the old Turkic nobility and the new forces, led by the Khaljis. After a struggle between the two factions, Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji was established by a noble faction of Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Indian-Muslim aristocrates on the collapse of the last feeble Slave king, Kay-Qubadh. Their rise to power was aided by impatient outsiders, some of them Indian-born Muslims, who might expect to enhance their positions if the hold of the followers of Balban and the Forty (members of the royal Loya Jirga) were broken. Jalal-ud-din was already elderly, and for a time he was so unpopular, because his tribe was thought to be close to the nomadic Afghans, that he dared not to enter the capital. During his short reign (1290-96), some of Balban's officers revolted due to this assumption but Jalal-ud-din suppressed them, led an unsuccessful expedition against Ranthambhor, and defeated a substantial Mongol force on the banks of the Sind River in central India.
Ali Gurshap, his nephew and son-in-law was ordered by his father to lead an expedition with ca. 4000-7000 men into the Hindu Deccan where the conquered countries had refused obedience and to capture Ellichpur and it's treasure and possibly it was also his father's order to murder his uncle after his return in 1296. However, the prince is considered to be the greatest among the Khiljis, due to successfully repelling of two invasions from the Mongols.
With the title of Ala ud din Khilji, Ali Gurshap reigned for 20 years. He captured Ranthambhor (1301) and Chitor (1303), conquered Māndu (1305), and captured and annexed the wealthy Hindu kingdom of Devagiri. He also repelled Mongol raids. Ala-ud-din's lieutenant, Malik Kafur, a native Muslim Indian, was sent on a plundering expedition to the south in 1308, which led to the capture of Warangal, the overthrow of the Hoysala Dynasty south of the Krishna River, and the occupation of Madura in the extreme south. Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with spoils. Thereafter, the empire felt into a deep political and family decadence. The sultan died in early 1316. Malik Kafur's attempted usurpation ended with his own death. The last Khalji, Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah, was murdered in 1320 by former Indian slave who was also chief minister and his friend, Khusraw Khan, who was in turn replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the first ruler of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty. A remnant of the ruling house of the Khaljis ruled in Malwa from 1436 to 1530/31 until the Sultan of Gujarat cleansed their entire nobility.
To some extent then, the Khilji usurpation was a move toward the recognition of a shifting balance of power, attributable both to the developments outside the territory of the Delhi sultanate, in Central Asia and Iran, and to the changes that followed the establishment of Turkic rule in northern India.
In large measure, the dislocation in the regions beyond the northwest assured the establishment of an independent Delhi-Sultanate and its subsequent consolidation. The eastern steppe tribes' movements to the west not only ended the threat to Delhi from the rival Turks and Iranians in Ghazna and Ghur but also forced a number of the Central Asian Muslims to migrate to northern India, a land that came to be known as Hindustan. Almost all the high nobles, including the famous Forty in the 13th century, were of Central Asian origin (mostly Iranians and Turks). Many of them were slaves purchased from the Central Asian bazaars. The same phenomenon also led to the destabilization of the core of the Turkic Mamluks. With the Mongol plunder of Central Asia and eastern Iran (modern Afghanistan, Samarkand, Bukhara, Gorgon, Khwarezm, Merv, Peshawar, Swat, Quetta ... and borderlands), many more members of the political and religious elite of these regions were thrown into north India, where they were admitted into various levels of the military and administrative cadre by the early Delhi sultans.
The position of the Khiljis within the Turkic society of India
The Khilji Turks were not recognized by the older nobility as coming from a pure Turkic stock even in Singam and Kuselan (although they were ethnic Turks), since they were (unlike the Turks and their Turkic nobility who tried to intermerry only into Turkic families) assimilated into non-Turks, mostly by Muslims of Indian, Afghan (Pashtun) and Arab (bedouines) origine, who populated the entire North-West India and near locations which cause that they were in terms of customs and manners different from the Turks. Although they had played a conspicuous role in the success of the Turkic armies in India, they had always been looked down upon by the leading Turks, the dominant group during the Slave dynasty. This tension between the Khiljis and other Turks, kept in check by Balban, came to the surface in the succeeding reign, and ended in the displacement of the Ilbari Turks.Khilji tribe was mostly known for thier ferocious war capabilities and retaliation against any invader.
Origin of the Khalji people
It seems, that the larger Khilji tribe was once member of Hephthalites of central Asia who also conquered -invaded- India. Originally, the Khaljis were mainly dwelling in Turkestan, except in some cases or members of ancient Gökturks. In older scripts of Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarezmi, Masudi, in Juzjani's Hudud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maghrib and of Arab and Indian historians (Ibn Batuta, Ibn Khaldun or Vahara Mihira etc.) they are considered as one of the original (in the sense of real) members of the Hephtalite's confederation and of Turkic origin who are also found as nomads near Bactria, in Turfan (Turkestan) and east-ward of modern Ghazni in Afghanistan. Possibly, they have split themselves from these large area up and moved to Iran, Armenia, Iraq, Anatolia, Turkmenistan, Punjab) and modern Pakistan and Afghanistan, around the Sulaiman Mountains under the Ghaznavids (see also on Ghalzais). In Iran, they moved to Pars where they settled an isolated region which is called today as Khaljistan - Land of Khaljis. However, Persians of Iran use the term Khalji also to describe nomads of Turkic background in their country. Also in in the Kohistan destrict of Pakistan, there is a place called after the Khiljis. The Khilji people of Iran and Afghanistan, the Ghilzai (also called Khaldjish) fraction of the Pashtuns, the Khaldji people of Bengal and Sindh are considered as descendants of ancient and middle-age Khalji (sub-)tribes. However, modern Khalji people are not more comparable to the past Khalji tribes who were of pure Turkic stock. For example in the case of India, modern Khalji people became ethnic Indians and lost their east-Asian features and their Turkic identity. In Iran, Afghanistan and Iraq, they are either of hybrid origin or in the case of Turkmen Khalji tribe they kept Turks but became culturally Iranians and South Asian. Because of this fact, most of modern Khalji people and tribes have no more ties or any kind of an identity that trace them intentional to the Turks, except for the Khaljis of Iran and Afghanistan, who speak a Khalaj dialect of the Khalaj language group.
Cultural achievements and religious propagation
The main court language of Khiljis became Persian, followed by Arabic and their own native Turkoman language and some of north-Indian dialects. Even if it was not related with their nature as original nomads and had no ties with urbane cultures and civilizations, the Khilji of Delhi promoted Persian language to a high degree. Such a co-existence of different languages gave birth to the earliest and archaic version of Urdu. According to Ibn Batuta, the Khiljis encouraged conversion to Islam by making it a custom to have the convert presented to the Sultan who would place a robe on the convert and award him with bracelets of gold. During Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of the Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India achieved their greatest success, in terms of number of converts to Islam.
Pashtun Invation of Kashmir
Immediately after Pakistan came into existence, Maseeds raised a tribal militia which entered Kashmir to help the newly created state Pakistan to capture Kashmir. They quickly reached Baramulla town, the gateway to the Kashmir valley, but indulged in loot, arson, and murder at Baramulla for several days instead of pressing on to the capital, Srinagar, to seize Kashmir completely.
A large number of tribals from Pakistan attacked Kashmir under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. The invading tribals started moving along Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road on 22 October 1947 with Pakistani army men in plain clothes. Muzaffarabad fell on 24 October 1947. They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October. There they stayed for several days looting, killing, burning, plundering looting and desecrating and vandalizing shrines and temples instead of moving on to Srinagar 50 km away and capture its airfield which was not defended at all. They raped Kashmiri women killed European nuns at Baramulla's St. Joseph convent, only one of whom survived, and Christian nurses at the missionary hospital. This savage orgy of loot, murder rape continued for several days. Baramulla suffered this savage orgy but saved the rest of Kashmir because the airplanes carrying the Indian troops airlifted from Delhi on the morning of 27 October could land at Srinagar airfield as the invaders were still at Baramulla.
Biju Patnaik (who later became Chief Minister of Orissa) piloted the first plane to land at Srinagar airport that morning. He brought along 17 soldiers of 1-Sikh regiment commanded by Lt.Col. Dewan Ranjit Rai. "...The pilot flew low over the airstrip twice to ensure that no raiders were around... Instructions from PM Nehru’s office were clear: If the airport was taken over by the enemy, you are not to land. Taking a full circle the DC-3 flew ground level. Anxious eye-balls peered from inside the aircraft – only to find the airstrip empty. Nary a soul was in sight. The raiders were busy distributing the war booty amongst themselves in Baramulla."
In the words of Gen Mohammad Akbar Khan (Brigadier-in-Charge, Pakistan, in his book "War for Kashmir in 1947"): "The uncouth raiders delayed in Baramulla for two (whole) days for some unknown reason."[4]
It took two weeks for the Indian army to evict the raiders, who had been joined by Pakistani regular troops and became well-entrenched, from Baramulla. lushker of kashmir.*Malik Hayat khsn machi khel.2 Gulap khan ishungee. 3abdul malik shabi khel.4 M Amin khan shamen khel,.5 KS Muhibullah khan machi khel.6Kharoot khan. 6 Ayaaz khan shabi khel,7 Khan Saifal Khan Shaman khel this was the chief leader of Maseed 3000 persons lushker of kashmir.
A large number of tribals from Pakistan attacked Kashmir under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. The invading tribals started moving along Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road on 22 October 1947 with Pakistani army men in plain clothes. Muzaffarabad fell on 24 October 1947. They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October. There they stayed for several days looting, killing, burning, plundering looting and desecrating and vandalizing shrines and temples instead of moving on to Srinagar 50 km away and capture its airfield which was not defended at all. They raped Kashmiri women killed European nuns at Baramulla's St. Joseph convent, only one of whom survived, and Christian nurses at the missionary hospital. This savage orgy of loot, murder rape continued for several days. Baramulla suffered this savage orgy but saved the rest of Kashmir because the airplanes carrying the Indian troops airlifted from Delhi on the morning of 27 October could land at Srinagar airfield as the invaders were still at Baramulla.
Biju Patnaik (who later became Chief Minister of Orissa) piloted the first plane to land at Srinagar airport that morning. He brought along 17 soldiers of 1-Sikh regiment commanded by Lt.Col. Dewan Ranjit Rai. "...The pilot flew low over the airstrip twice to ensure that no raiders were around... Instructions from PM Nehru’s office were clear: If the airport was taken over by the enemy, you are not to land. Taking a full circle the DC-3 flew ground level. Anxious eye-balls peered from inside the aircraft – only to find the airstrip empty. Nary a soul was in sight. The raiders were busy distributing the war booty amongst themselves in Baramulla."
In the words of Gen Mohammad Akbar Khan (Brigadier-in-Charge, Pakistan, in his book "War for Kashmir in 1947"): "The uncouth raiders delayed in Baramulla for two (whole) days for some unknown reason."[4]
It took two weeks for the Indian army to evict the raiders, who had been joined by Pakistani regular troops and became well-entrenched, from Baramulla. lushker of kashmir.*Malik Hayat khsn machi khel.2 Gulap khan ishungee. 3abdul malik shabi khel.4 M Amin khan shamen khel,.5 KS Muhibullah khan machi khel.6Kharoot khan. 6 Ayaaz khan shabi khel,7 Khan Saifal Khan Shaman khel this was the chief leader of Maseed 3000 persons lushker of kashmir.
Khushal Khan Khattak
Khushāl Khān Khattak (1613 – 25 February 1689; Pashto: خوشحال خان خټک), also called Khushāl Bābā (Pashto: خوشحال بابا), was a Pashtun poet, warrior and scholar, and chief of the Khattak tribe of the Pashtuns.[2] Khushal preached the union of all Pashtuns, and encouraged revolt against the Mughal Empire promoting Pashtun nationalism through poetry. Khushal is the first Afghan mentor who presents his theories for the unity of the Pashtun tribes against foreign forces and the creation of a nation-state. Khushal wrote many works in Pashto but also a few in Persian. Khushal is considered the "father of Pashto literature" and the national poet of Afghanistan
Failed Rebellion of Khushal Khan Khattak and the Moghul Empire
His father Malik Shahbaz Khan Khattak was killed in a tribal clash against the Yusufzai tribe in 4 January 1641. After his father's Malik Shehbaz Khan Khattak death, Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan appointed him as the tribal chief and Mansabdar in 1641 at the age of 28 The Mughal king shah Jahan appreciated his principality. After the death of shah Jahan His Tension created with Aurangzeb Shah Jehan's successor. Aurangzeb arrested Khushal In 1658.threw him away as a prisoner in the Gwalior fortress. There he had as a prisoner or later and-Delhi-spent under detention in the mountains prison. He later release from captivity in 1668. After Khushal was permitted to return to the Pashtun dominated areas, Khushal had been deadly shocked by the unfriendly treatment, he received from Mughal authorities and king Aurangzeb whose indifference and coolness towards his plight had wounded Khushal’s ego. He used to say, "I had done nothing wrong against the interests of the king or the empire". Mughal authorities continued to offer him with temptations in order to reclaim him to their service but Khushal resisted all such offers and made it clear to the Mughals that "I served your cause to the best of my honesty, I killed my own Pashtuns to promote the Empire’s interests but my services and my loyalty did not impress the mughal According to Khushal, he was burning from inside for exacting revenge but preferred to keep silent. Nevertheless the Mughals were not inclined to bear his aloofness and therefore he was challenged either "to be friend or foe" as the interests of empire knew no impartiality. Khushal decided to be a foe and joined Darya Khan Afridi and Aimal Khan Mohmand in their fight and wars against Mughals. He dissociated himself from the Mughal Empire slowly and started with his resistance later.he incited the Afghan tribes to rebel against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He took contact to other Pashtoon tribes and with support of his people he started a systematic resistance against the Mughals.[6] Khushal joined a rebillion of Khattak, Momand, Safi and Afridi tribes against the Mughols. In Mughal Empire The Pashtun tribesmen of the Empire were considered the bedrock of the Mughal Army. They were the Empire's from the threat bulwark in the North-West as well as the main fighting force against the Sikhs and Marathas. The Pashtun revolt in 1672 under the leadership of the warrior poet Khushal. Revolt was triggered when soldiers under the orders of the Mughal Governor Amir Khan raped a women of the Safi tribe in modern day Kunar. The Safi tribe retaliated and killed the soldier. This attack provoked a reprisal, which triggered a general revolt of the most of tribes. The Mughol King Aurangzeb ordered the Safi tribal elders to hand over the killers. The Safi, Afridi, Mohmand, Shinwari and Khattak tribe came together to protect the Safi men accused of badal. Attempting to reassert his authority, Aurangzeb led a large Mughal Army to the Khyber Pass, and routed. Afghan sources claim that Khushal Khan Khattak suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Aurangzeb with a reported loss of 40,000 Afghan soldiers and with only four men left
the ultra nationalist Khushal Khan Khattak used to kill his own pathans to make his mughal masters happy after serving mughals for so long mughals still were not impressed by him on the top of that one of the mughals representative in his era raped some one so he gathered some pathan tribes and led a failed revolt against mughal but his revolt was put down trough bribery along with force by Mughals and guess what eventually his own khattak tribesmen handed him over to the Mughals khushal khan himself says that i killed my own people for mughal but still they didn't got impressed by my services
Failed Rebellion of Khushal Khan Khattak and the Moghul Empire
His father Malik Shahbaz Khan Khattak was killed in a tribal clash against the Yusufzai tribe in 4 January 1641. After his father's Malik Shehbaz Khan Khattak death, Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan appointed him as the tribal chief and Mansabdar in 1641 at the age of 28 The Mughal king shah Jahan appreciated his principality. After the death of shah Jahan His Tension created with Aurangzeb Shah Jehan's successor. Aurangzeb arrested Khushal In 1658.threw him away as a prisoner in the Gwalior fortress. There he had as a prisoner or later and-Delhi-spent under detention in the mountains prison. He later release from captivity in 1668. After Khushal was permitted to return to the Pashtun dominated areas, Khushal had been deadly shocked by the unfriendly treatment, he received from Mughal authorities and king Aurangzeb whose indifference and coolness towards his plight had wounded Khushal’s ego. He used to say, "I had done nothing wrong against the interests of the king or the empire". Mughal authorities continued to offer him with temptations in order to reclaim him to their service but Khushal resisted all such offers and made it clear to the Mughals that "I served your cause to the best of my honesty, I killed my own Pashtuns to promote the Empire’s interests but my services and my loyalty did not impress the mughal According to Khushal, he was burning from inside for exacting revenge but preferred to keep silent. Nevertheless the Mughals were not inclined to bear his aloofness and therefore he was challenged either "to be friend or foe" as the interests of empire knew no impartiality. Khushal decided to be a foe and joined Darya Khan Afridi and Aimal Khan Mohmand in their fight and wars against Mughals. He dissociated himself from the Mughal Empire slowly and started with his resistance later.he incited the Afghan tribes to rebel against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He took contact to other Pashtoon tribes and with support of his people he started a systematic resistance against the Mughals.[6] Khushal joined a rebillion of Khattak, Momand, Safi and Afridi tribes against the Mughols. In Mughal Empire The Pashtun tribesmen of the Empire were considered the bedrock of the Mughal Army. They were the Empire's from the threat bulwark in the North-West as well as the main fighting force against the Sikhs and Marathas. The Pashtun revolt in 1672 under the leadership of the warrior poet Khushal. Revolt was triggered when soldiers under the orders of the Mughal Governor Amir Khan raped a women of the Safi tribe in modern day Kunar. The Safi tribe retaliated and killed the soldier. This attack provoked a reprisal, which triggered a general revolt of the most of tribes. The Mughol King Aurangzeb ordered the Safi tribal elders to hand over the killers. The Safi, Afridi, Mohmand, Shinwari and Khattak tribe came together to protect the Safi men accused of badal. Attempting to reassert his authority, Aurangzeb led a large Mughal Army to the Khyber Pass, and routed. Afghan sources claim that Khushal Khan Khattak suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Aurangzeb with a reported loss of 40,000 Afghan soldiers and with only four men left
the ultra nationalist Khushal Khan Khattak used to kill his own pathans to make his mughal masters happy after serving mughals for so long mughals still were not impressed by him on the top of that one of the mughals representative in his era raped some one so he gathered some pathan tribes and led a failed revolt against mughal but his revolt was put down trough bribery along with force by Mughals and guess what eventually his own khattak tribesmen handed him over to the Mughals khushal khan himself says that i killed my own people for mughal but still they didn't got impressed by my services
Dost Mohammad Khan, Nawab of Bhopal
Dost Mohammad Khan (c. 1657–1723) was the usurper of the Bhopal State in central India He laid out the modern city of Bhopal, the capital of the Madhya Pradesh state.
A shia Pashtun from Tirah, Dost Mohammad Khan served the Mughal imperial army as a soldier at Delhi in 1703. He rapidly rose through the ranks by deceit and flattery and was assigned to the Malwa province in central India. After the death of the emperor Aurangzeb, Khan started providing mercenary services to several local chieftains in the politically unstable Malwa region. In 1709, he took on the lease of Berasia estate, while serving the small Rajput principality of Mangalgarh as a mercenary. He invited his Pashtun kinsmen to Malwa to create a group of loyal associates.[5] Khan successfully protected Mangalgarh from its other Rajput neighbors, married into its royal family, and usurped the state after the death of its heirless dowager Rani.
What a thoroughly pleasant personality. He kills his cousin in anger and is thrown out. He comes to India as a mercenary and builds his kingdom immorally by breaking truces and killing kings by deceit and usurping their kingdoms.
Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) (Dari/turkish: فريد خان شير شاہ سوري – Farīd Xān Šer Šāh Sūrī, birth name Farid Khan, also known as Sher Khan, "The Lion King") was the founder of the Sur Empire in North India, with its capital at Delhi. sher shah was an ethnic Turkish belonged to the Ghilzai Turkish tribe who migrated from turk to afghanistan long time back. Sher Shah usurped the Mughal Empire by deceit and Flattery in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor He first served Mugahal Babur as a soldier before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and usurping his sons kingdom and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan Usurped the state of Bengal and established the Sur dynasty by deceit. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general.
Sher Shah met Humayun in battle on the banks of the Ganges, near Benares, in Chausa. This was to become an entrenched battle in which both sides spent a lot of time digging themselves into positions. The major part of the Mughal army, the artillery, was now immobile, and Humayun decided to engage in some diplomacy using Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Humayun agreed to allow Sher Shah to rule over Bengal and Bihar, but only as provinces granted to him by his Emperor, Humayun, falling short of outright sovereignty. The two rulers also struck a bargain in order to save face: Humayun's troops would charge those of Sher Shah whose forces then retreat in feigned fear. Thus honour would, supposedly, be satisfied.
Once the Army of Humayun had made its charge and Sher Shah's troops made their agreed-upon retreat, the Mughal troops relaxed their defensive preparations and returned to their entrenchments without posting a proper guard. Observing the Mughals' vulnerability, Sher Shah reneged on his earlier agreement. That very night, his army approached the Mughal camp and finding the Mughal troops unprepared with a majority asleep, they advanced and killed most of them. The Emperor survived by swimming the Ganges using an air filled "water skin," and quietly returned to Agra sher shah Suri was a usurper he deceived humayun going back on his words in the nick of the time
Humayun decided that it would be wise to withdraw still further, Humayun and his army rode out through and across the Thar Desert, when the Hindu ruler Rao Maldeo Rathore allied himself with Sher Shah Suri against the Mughal Empire. In many accounts Humayun mentions how he and his heavily pregnant wife, had to trace their steps through the desert at the hottest time of year. All the wells had been filled with sand by the nearby Hindu inhabitants in order to starve and exhaust the Mughals further, leaving them with nothing but berries to eat. When Hamida's horse died,no one would lend the Queen (who was now eight months pregnant) a horse, so Humayun did so himself, resulting in him riding a camel for six kilometeres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him his mount. Humayun was later to describe this incident as the lowest point in his life.[11][full citation needed]
He asked that his brothers join him as he fell back into Sindh. While the previously rebellious Hindal Mirza remained loyal and was ordered to join his brothers in Kandahar. Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza instead decided to head to the relative peace of Kabul. This was to be a definitive schism in the family.
Humayun expected aid from the Emir of Sindh, Hussein Umrani Baloch, whom he had appointed and who owed him his allegiance. The Emir Hussein Umrani welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal to Humayun just as he had been loyal to Babur against the renegade Arghuns. Whilst in the oasis garrison of Umerkot in Sindh, Hamida gave birth to Akbar on 25 October 1542, the heir-apparent to the 34-year old Humayun. The date was special because Humayun consulted his Astronomer to utilize the astrolabe and check the location of the planets.
While in Sindh, Humayun alongside Emir Hussein Umrani, gathered horses and weapons and formed new alliances that helped regain lost territories. Until finally Humayun had gathered hundreds of 40,000 Baloch tribesmen under the command of Mir Chakar Rind Baloch alongside his Mughals and then marched towards Kandahar and later Kabul, thousands more gathered by his side as Humayun continually declared himself the rightful Timurid heir of the first Mughal Emperor Babur.
Retreat to Kabul
After Humayun set out from his expedition in Sindh, along with 300 camels (mostly wild) and 2000 loads of grain, he set off to join his brothers in Kandahar after crossing the Indus River on 11 July 1543 along with the ambition to regain the Mughal Empire and overthrow the Suri dynasty. Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance to Humayun were the Magsi, Rind and many other baloch tribes
The Mughal Emperor Humayun, gathered a vast army and attempted the challenging task of retaking the throne in Delhi. Humayun placed the army under the able leadership of Mir Chakar Rind along with 40,000 Baloch tribesmen. This was a wise move given Humayun's own record of military ineptitude, and turned out to be prescient, as Mir Chakar Rind was to prove himself a great tactician. Humayun Finally Recaptured India with the help of Mir Chakar Rind along with his 40,000 Baloch troops in 1556.
Sher Shah met Humayun in battle on the banks of the Ganges, near Benares, in Chausa. This was to become an entrenched battle in which both sides spent a lot of time digging themselves into positions. The major part of the Mughal army, the artillery, was now immobile, and Humayun decided to engage in some diplomacy using Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Humayun agreed to allow Sher Shah to rule over Bengal and Bihar, but only as provinces granted to him by his Emperor, Humayun, falling short of outright sovereignty. The two rulers also struck a bargain in order to save face: Humayun's troops would charge those of Sher Shah whose forces then retreat in feigned fear. Thus honour would, supposedly, be satisfied.
Once the Army of Humayun had made its charge and Sher Shah's troops made their agreed-upon retreat, the Mughal troops relaxed their defensive preparations and returned to their entrenchments without posting a proper guard. Observing the Mughals' vulnerability, Sher Shah reneged on his earlier agreement. That very night, his army approached the Mughal camp and finding the Mughal troops unprepared with a majority asleep, they advanced and killed most of them. The Emperor survived by swimming the Ganges using an air filled "water skin," and quietly returned to Agra sher shah Suri was a usurper he deceived humayun going back on his words in the nick of the time
Humayun decided that it would be wise to withdraw still further, Humayun and his army rode out through and across the Thar Desert, when the Hindu ruler Rao Maldeo Rathore allied himself with Sher Shah Suri against the Mughal Empire. In many accounts Humayun mentions how he and his heavily pregnant wife, had to trace their steps through the desert at the hottest time of year. All the wells had been filled with sand by the nearby Hindu inhabitants in order to starve and exhaust the Mughals further, leaving them with nothing but berries to eat. When Hamida's horse died,no one would lend the Queen (who was now eight months pregnant) a horse, so Humayun did so himself, resulting in him riding a camel for six kilometeres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him his mount. Humayun was later to describe this incident as the lowest point in his life.[11][full citation needed]
He asked that his brothers join him as he fell back into Sindh. While the previously rebellious Hindal Mirza remained loyal and was ordered to join his brothers in Kandahar. Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza instead decided to head to the relative peace of Kabul. This was to be a definitive schism in the family.
Humayun expected aid from the Emir of Sindh, Hussein Umrani Baloch, whom he had appointed and who owed him his allegiance. The Emir Hussein Umrani welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal to Humayun just as he had been loyal to Babur against the renegade Arghuns. Whilst in the oasis garrison of Umerkot in Sindh, Hamida gave birth to Akbar on 25 October 1542, the heir-apparent to the 34-year old Humayun. The date was special because Humayun consulted his Astronomer to utilize the astrolabe and check the location of the planets.
While in Sindh, Humayun alongside Emir Hussein Umrani, gathered horses and weapons and formed new alliances that helped regain lost territories. Until finally Humayun had gathered hundreds of 40,000 Baloch tribesmen under the command of Mir Chakar Rind Baloch alongside his Mughals and then marched towards Kandahar and later Kabul, thousands more gathered by his side as Humayun continually declared himself the rightful Timurid heir of the first Mughal Emperor Babur.
Retreat to Kabul
After Humayun set out from his expedition in Sindh, along with 300 camels (mostly wild) and 2000 loads of grain, he set off to join his brothers in Kandahar after crossing the Indus River on 11 July 1543 along with the ambition to regain the Mughal Empire and overthrow the Suri dynasty. Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance to Humayun were the Magsi, Rind and many other baloch tribes
The Mughal Emperor Humayun, gathered a vast army and attempted the challenging task of retaking the throne in Delhi. Humayun placed the army under the able leadership of Mir Chakar Rind along with 40,000 Baloch tribesmen. This was a wise move given Humayun's own record of military ineptitude, and turned out to be prescient, as Mir Chakar Rind was to prove himself a great tactician. Humayun Finally Recaptured India with the help of Mir Chakar Rind along with his 40,000 Baloch troops in 1556.
Wednesday, 17 September 2014
Hussain Hotaki
Shah Hussain Hotaki, (turkish, Dari, Urdu, Arabic: شاہ حسین ہوتکی), son of Mirwais Hotak, was the fifth and last ruler of the Hotaki dynasty. An ethnic Turkish belonged to the Ghilzai turkish tribe who migrated to Afghanistan from Turk long time back. the succeeded to the throne after the death of his brother Mahmud Hotaki in 1725. While his cousin Ashraf ruled most of Persia from Isfahan, Hussain ruled what is now Afghanistan from Kandahar.
Ashraf Khan's death marked the end of the very short lived Hotaki rule in Persia (Iran), but what is now Afghanistan was still under Hussain' control until 1738 when Nader Shah conquered it. It was only a short pause before the establishment of the last Afghan Empireand the predecessor of modern Afghanistan in 1747.Mir Feroz Raisani Baloch occupied pishin, and the Ghilzai governor of the area fled back to Kandahar.Another force under the command of Mir Sultan Shawani occupied Shorawak and made it part of Khanate,Emboldened by these success, the Khan of kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch known as Eagle of the mountain and the conqueror assembled a force under the command of Mullah Issa Raisani Baloch to gain further territory north of pishin.the Khan under the instigation of Nadir Shah sent this expeditionary force toward Kandahar.Shah Hussain Hotaki assembled a huge army and confronted the Baloch forces near Chaman.The more experienced forces of Baloch outnumbered the Afghan forces.and the commander of the Afghan forces was killed in the fight.The defeat of the afghan forces by the baloch forces was shocking,,in 1725, the Khan of kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch again assembled a huge army to attack Kandahar some fifty miles from Kandahar,the two forces met in a fierce bloody battle. The Afghan Army was defeated, and the ruler Shah Hussain Ghilzai fled from the scene along with his remaining forces to the safety of Kandahar fort.The Baloch legends had mentioned the tales of extraordinary personnel courage shown by Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch during the battle,which forced the Afghan ruler to flee.on the afghan side the death toll was high and the Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan abandon the planned attack on Kandahar city,so he returned to Kalat after plundering the areas of Zhob and Loralai,
Ashraf Khan's death marked the end of the very short lived Hotaki rule in Persia (Iran), but what is now Afghanistan was still under Hussain' control until 1738 when Nader Shah conquered it. It was only a short pause before the establishment of the last Afghan Empireand the predecessor of modern Afghanistan in 1747.Mir Feroz Raisani Baloch occupied pishin, and the Ghilzai governor of the area fled back to Kandahar.Another force under the command of Mir Sultan Shawani occupied Shorawak and made it part of Khanate,Emboldened by these success, the Khan of kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch known as Eagle of the mountain and the conqueror assembled a force under the command of Mullah Issa Raisani Baloch to gain further territory north of pishin.the Khan under the instigation of Nadir Shah sent this expeditionary force toward Kandahar.Shah Hussain Hotaki assembled a huge army and confronted the Baloch forces near Chaman.The more experienced forces of Baloch outnumbered the Afghan forces.and the commander of the Afghan forces was killed in the fight.The defeat of the afghan forces by the baloch forces was shocking,,in 1725, the Khan of kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch again assembled a huge army to attack Kandahar some fifty miles from Kandahar,the two forces met in a fierce bloody battle. The Afghan Army was defeated, and the ruler Shah Hussain Ghilzai fled from the scene along with his remaining forces to the safety of Kandahar fort.The Baloch legends had mentioned the tales of extraordinary personnel courage shown by Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch during the battle,which forced the Afghan ruler to flee.on the afghan side the death toll was high and the Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan abandon the planned attack on Kandahar city,so he returned to Kalat after plundering the areas of Zhob and Loralai,
origin of marwat tribe
The Marwats are also known as Spin Lohani ("White Lohanis"), and are a cousin tribe of Tokhis, Niazis, Hotaks, Surs and Lodis.
The Lohani Marwats
1. Ther is a clear evidence that pashtun are Aryans. (Sher Mohammad Mohmand P-ix).
2. "The early history of the Marwats is cloudy due to non availability of proper record like other Pashtoon tribes”. Dr.Syed Chiragh Hussain.
3. The Marwat, or Maorat ( an Indian tribe of thegreat desert) inhabit the Marwat Division of the Bannu District, and are a branch of the Lohani. (H.W.Bellew P-113)
4. The old Marwats call themselves as Lowanri (i.e. Lohani) Afghans. ( Sher MohammadMohmand P-11).
5. Lohani is the Lawani Chohan Agnikula Rajput. (H.W.Bellewp-29)
6. Lohani :- Lohana is the name of a Hindu tribe of the Indian desert.
Sections are :-Adam, Chandu, Dallo, Khodo, Khwaedad, Mahander, Mama , Rajo, Salar, Tapi, Zangi etc.etc. ( Bellew P-28)
For the sake of brevity, the terminal affixes of “Khel” and “Zai” has been omitted from the sections.(H.W. Bellew P-13)
7.Lohan. A tribe of Jats, descended from Panwar RajPut Origin. (Rose, H.A., P-36).
8. The Lohani Marwat ( Maorat) Tribe is different from the Noohani Marwats.. The Noohani Marwats call themselves Marwat Khels and are
still residing in Village Marwat Khel, District Zarghun Shahr of Paktika Province of Afghanistan. They have not further devided themselves into subtribes. They derive their name fromtheir father name Nooh. They are a tribe of Lodhi Pattans , descendents from Ibrahim Lodhi, grand son of Baitan. (Naemat Ullah Haravi P-449 to 451).
9. The two i.e Lohani and Noohani tribes are different and are not to be confused and intermixed.
References.
1. Henry Walter Bellew, “ An inquiry into the Ethnographyof Afghanistan”1891.
2. Neamat ullah Haravi, “ Tareekh-I- khan Jehani waMakhzan-i- Afghani”
3. Rose H.A. “ Castes and Tribes of Punjab and North West fRontier Province” Volume -III
4. SherMuhammad Mohmand, “The Marwats” Page-11
The Lohani Marwats
1. Ther is a clear evidence that pashtun are Aryans. (Sher Mohammad Mohmand P-ix).
2. "The early history of the Marwats is cloudy due to non availability of proper record like other Pashtoon tribes”. Dr.Syed Chiragh Hussain.
3. The Marwat, or Maorat ( an Indian tribe of thegreat desert) inhabit the Marwat Division of the Bannu District, and are a branch of the Lohani. (H.W.Bellew P-113)
4. The old Marwats call themselves as Lowanri (i.e. Lohani) Afghans. ( Sher MohammadMohmand P-11).
5. Lohani is the Lawani Chohan Agnikula Rajput. (H.W.Bellewp-29)
6. Lohani :- Lohana is the name of a Hindu tribe of the Indian desert.
Sections are :-Adam, Chandu, Dallo, Khodo, Khwaedad, Mahander, Mama , Rajo, Salar, Tapi, Zangi etc.etc. ( Bellew P-28)
For the sake of brevity, the terminal affixes of “Khel” and “Zai” has been omitted from the sections.(H.W. Bellew P-13)
7.Lohan. A tribe of Jats, descended from Panwar RajPut Origin. (Rose, H.A., P-36).
8. The Lohani Marwat ( Maorat) Tribe is different from the Noohani Marwats.. The Noohani Marwats call themselves Marwat Khels and are
still residing in Village Marwat Khel, District Zarghun Shahr of Paktika Province of Afghanistan. They have not further devided themselves into subtribes. They derive their name fromtheir father name Nooh. They are a tribe of Lodhi Pattans , descendents from Ibrahim Lodhi, grand son of Baitan. (Naemat Ullah Haravi P-449 to 451).
9. The two i.e Lohani and Noohani tribes are different and are not to be confused and intermixed.
References.
1. Henry Walter Bellew, “ An inquiry into the Ethnographyof Afghanistan”1891.
2. Neamat ullah Haravi, “ Tareekh-I- khan Jehani waMakhzan-i- Afghani”
3. Rose H.A. “ Castes and Tribes of Punjab and North West fRontier Province” Volume -III
4. SherMuhammad Mohmand, “The Marwats” Page-11
Khawas Khan Marwat
Khawas Khan Marwat
Khawas Khan Marwat was one of the best generals of Sher Shah Suri,who was Defeated the Mughul Emperor Humayun in 1539 at the battle of Chausa.He belonged to Marwat tribe. He was originally a poor fox hunter but Sher Shah spotted his potentials and elevated him to the position of a general. Khawas khel branch of Marwats claim to be descendants of Khawas Khan.
After Failure in Battle of Sammel, Khawas Khan Marwat failed in Jodhpur and Marwar Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. When Hamayun went from Agra towards multan, Sher Shah dispatched Khawas khan and greater part of his army to pursue him and drive him beyond the borders of HindustanThe Mughal division which had quitted hamayun and was marching towards kabul, encountered Khawas khan and khawas Khan retreted He then rejoined Sher shah. Sher Shah built Rohtas fort in jehlum to keep down Gakkars and to block Emperor Humayun's return to India , and appointed khawas khan the administrative head of the fort .
Khawas Khan along with eminent nobles like Qutb Khan Naib, Isa khan Niazi and Jal Khan Julwani stood against Islam Shah Suri in support of Adil Khan. Adil Khan revolted and, accompanied by Khawas Khan, proceeded to attack Agra; but he was defeated in a battle outside the town and fled to Panna and was not heard of any more.Khawas Khan also fled towards Sarhind.
Islam Shah tried to kill ail those nobles who were supposed to be in sympathy with Adil Khan. Haibat Khan Niazi revolted against the Sultan. Khawas Khan also came and joined him. Islam Shah went himself to suppress this revolt. He met the rebel near Ambala (1547 A.D.). Khavass left Haibat Khan on the eve of the battle because he wanted to fight in the name of Adil Khan while Haibat Khan was fired with the ambition of himself be crowned. The Niazis were defeated and Islam Shah pursued them up to the bank of the Jhelum River. He left an army to suppress the fugitives and himself returned to Agra. Subsequently, Khawas Khan who had taken refuge in Kumaun was lured into a trap and done to death by Islam Shah. (A.D. 1552)
After Failure in Battle of Sammel, Khawas Khan Marwat failed in Jodhpur and Marwar Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544. When Hamayun went from Agra towards multan, Sher Shah dispatched Khawas khan and greater part of his army to pursue him and drive him beyond the borders of HindustanThe Mughal division which had quitted hamayun and was marching towards kabul, encountered Khawas khan and khawas Khan retreted He then rejoined Sher shah. Sher Shah built Rohtas fort in jehlum to keep down Gakkars and to block Emperor Humayun's return to India , and appointed khawas khan the administrative head of the fort .
Khawas Khan along with eminent nobles like Qutb Khan Naib, Isa khan Niazi and Jal Khan Julwani stood against Islam Shah Suri in support of Adil Khan. Adil Khan revolted and, accompanied by Khawas Khan, proceeded to attack Agra; but he was defeated in a battle outside the town and fled to Panna and was not heard of any more.Khawas Khan also fled towards Sarhind.
Islam Shah tried to kill ail those nobles who were supposed to be in sympathy with Adil Khan. Haibat Khan Niazi revolted against the Sultan. Khawas Khan also came and joined him. Islam Shah went himself to suppress this revolt. He met the rebel near Ambala (1547 A.D.). Khavass left Haibat Khan on the eve of the battle because he wanted to fight in the name of Adil Khan while Haibat Khan was fired with the ambition of himself be crowned. The Niazis were defeated and Islam Shah pursued them up to the bank of the Jhelum River. He left an army to suppress the fugitives and himself returned to Agra. Subsequently, Khawas Khan who had taken refuge in Kumaun was lured into a trap and done to death by Islam Shah. (A.D. 1552)
Haibat Khan Niazi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haibat Khan Niazi
Died 16th Century
Punjab
Other names Azam Hamayan
Ethnicity Pashtun
Occupation Noble, Governor of Punjab
Known for being Defeated by Mir Chakar Rind
Commander of Niazi contingent of Sher Shah Suri's army. He was also appointed governor of Punjab.[1] He was bestowed the title of Azam Hamayun by Sher Shah.[2] Haibat Khan Niaz encouraged thousands of Niazi Pashtuns to settle in South West Punjab (Mianwali) on Sher Shah's instruction to strengthen the Muslim tribes of Punjab against the rebellious and turbulent Hindu Gakkars who were opposing an organized government and were causing law and order situations.
Contents
1 Conquest of Multan and Sindh
2 Massacre of Sumbal Niazis
3 Revolt against Islam Shah and death
4 See also
5 References
Conquest of Multan and Sindh
Sher Shah Suri ordered Haibat khan to conquer Multan and Sindh. The conquest was a complete failure cause the Rind Baloch massacred the army of habiat Khan Niazi and forced him to flee with his remaing army to afghanistan
Massacre of Sumbal Niazis
Sher Shah Suri sent his nephew Mubarik Khan (his mother was a slave girl) as ruler of the Niazi (the two major clans of the Niazis are Isa Khel and Sumbal) area on the bank of Indus. Mubarik Khan wanted to marry the daughter of a Sumbal chief Allahdad but Allahdad refused. In retaliation, Mubarik sacked a Sumbal village and carried off a slave girl. The jirga of the whole tribe went to him requested him to give up the girl. When arrogant Mubarik declined, they said, ‘you were born in Hind and know not the ways of Pashtuns... out of respect of your uncle, the Shah, we have shown respect to you, the son of a bondwoman. Leave us alone, oppress us not, and let this woman go’. The furious Mubarik ordered his attendants to drive these men out with rods. The tribesmen killed Mubarik and all his attendants with bare hands (following the custom, they have left their weapons outside the tent). The Sumbals knowing what they have done took to the mountains. Sher Shah ordered his Governor of Punjab, Haibat Khan who was also a Niazi to take action what he thought appropriate. Haibat Khan knowing that he will be unable to fight his men in the hills, thought of a treacherous plan. He contacted Sumbals in the hills and promising a safe conduct lured them to come down along with their families. Haibat Khan nizais nine hundred men were killed by Baloch sent to Sher Shah. Sher Shah got angrywith Haibat Khan got furious Revolt to make him happy haibat khan niazi atttcaked multan to put down the baloch revolt but haibat khan niazai was defeated by the Baloch so he retured to afghanistan
Haibat Khan Niazi led an unseccesful revolted against the Sultan. Khawas Khan Marwat also came and joined him Islam Shah went himself to suppress this revolt. He met the rebel near Ambala (1547 A.D.). Khawas left Haibat Khan on the eve of the battle because he wanted to fight in the name of Adil Khan while Haibat Khan was fired with the ambition of himself be crowned. The Niazis were defeated by baloch troops of islam shah Islam Shah pursued them up to the bank of the Jhelum River.The Niazls fled to the Gakkhars who took them under protection. For two years the Gakkhars were subjected to heavy attack, till at last they grew tired of the unwelcome guests and sent them out of their country. A'zam Humayun with his wife and brother fell into the hands of the enemy and were beheaded.[5][6] The Niazis including women and children were brutally treated by Islam Shah. According to Ram Prasad Tripathi,
haibat khan niazi was killed by Mir Chakar Rind in Punjab
"The most repugnant and disgusting feature in the Niazi war was the beastly treatment given to Niazi women.Some were kept exposed for months in the state of nudity. Others were made over to harlots![7]
Mir wais Hotak
Mirwais Khan Hotak (turkish: میرویس خان ہوتکی, also known as Mir Vais Ghilzai (1673 – November 1715), was an influential tribal chief of the Ghilzai tribe Ghilzai is a turkish tribe that migrated to Afghanistan from Turk long time back who founded the Hotaki dynasty that existed from 1709 to 1738.[3] After revolting and killing the Safavid Persian governor over the region, Gurgin Khan in April 1709, he declared what is now southern Afghanistan independent.[4] He is widely known as Mirwais Neeka ("Mirwais the grandfather" in the Pashto language)
George, aided by his brother Levan, by 1700 had reestablished the shah's sovereignty in Kerman. As a reward, George was restored to the throne of Kartli in 1703, but was not allowed to return to his country. Instead, he was soon assigned to suppress the Afghan rebellion in May 1704. He was granted the title of Gurgin Khan by the Shah and was appointed the viceroy of Kandahar province and sipah salar (commander-in-chief) of the Persian armies. While he was in the field, he entrusted the administration of his country of Kartli to a nephew, the future King Vakhtang VI. Gurgin managed to crush the revolts of Afghan tribes and ruled Kandahar with uncompromising severity. He subdued many of the local leaders and sent Mirwais Khan Hotak, a powerful chieftain of the Ghilzai Turkish in chains to Isfahan. However, Mirwais Khan managed to gain the favour of the Shah and even to arouse his suspicion against the beglarbeg. Determined to bring about the overthrow of Gurgin, Mirwais Khan staged a carefully planned coup. On April 21, 1709, when the majority of the Georgian troops under Gurgin’s nephew, Alexander, were away from Kandahar on a raid against the rebels, Mirwais invited Gurgin on a banquet at his country estate at Kokaron in Kandahar City and and asked for help to khan of kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch. Mir Samandar Baloch came from Balochistan and killed him on mir wais request Gurgin's small escort was also massacred by baloch troops of Mir Samandar Khan Baloch and Mirwais seized power in Kandahar and thanked mir samkandar khan baloch for his valuable help
Mirwais Hotak tried to invade balochistan in October 1711 but he was Killed by khan of kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch and his entire 30,000 Afghan forces were wiped out by the Baloch
Mir wais was Killed by Khan of Kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch in 1711
George, aided by his brother Levan, by 1700 had reestablished the shah's sovereignty in Kerman. As a reward, George was restored to the throne of Kartli in 1703, but was not allowed to return to his country. Instead, he was soon assigned to suppress the Afghan rebellion in May 1704. He was granted the title of Gurgin Khan by the Shah and was appointed the viceroy of Kandahar province and sipah salar (commander-in-chief) of the Persian armies. While he was in the field, he entrusted the administration of his country of Kartli to a nephew, the future King Vakhtang VI. Gurgin managed to crush the revolts of Afghan tribes and ruled Kandahar with uncompromising severity. He subdued many of the local leaders and sent Mirwais Khan Hotak, a powerful chieftain of the Ghilzai Turkish in chains to Isfahan. However, Mirwais Khan managed to gain the favour of the Shah and even to arouse his suspicion against the beglarbeg. Determined to bring about the overthrow of Gurgin, Mirwais Khan staged a carefully planned coup. On April 21, 1709, when the majority of the Georgian troops under Gurgin’s nephew, Alexander, were away from Kandahar on a raid against the rebels, Mirwais invited Gurgin on a banquet at his country estate at Kokaron in Kandahar City and and asked for help to khan of kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch. Mir Samandar Baloch came from Balochistan and killed him on mir wais request Gurgin's small escort was also massacred by baloch troops of Mir Samandar Khan Baloch and Mirwais seized power in Kandahar and thanked mir samkandar khan baloch for his valuable help
Mirwais Hotak tried to invade balochistan in October 1711 but he was Killed by khan of kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch and his entire 30,000 Afghan forces were wiped out by the Baloch
Mir wais was Killed by Khan of Kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch in 1711
Shah Shujah Durrani Lost Kohi Noor Dimond to Maharaja Ranjit Singhh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shuja Shah Durrani
Emir of Afghanistan
Shah-Shuja-ul-Mulk.png
An old sketch work showing Shah-Shuja-ul-Mulk
Reign 1803–1809
1839–1842
Coronation July 13, 1803
Full name Shuja Shah Durrani
Born November 4, 1785
Died April 5, 1842
Predecessor Mahmud Shah Durrani
Successor Dost Mohammad Khan
Wives Daughter of Fath Khan Tokhi
Wafa Begum
Daughter of Sayyid Amir Haidar Khan
Daughter of Khan Bahadur Khan Malikdin Khel
Daughter of Sardar Haji Rahmatu'llah Khan Sardozai
Sarwar Begum
Bibi Mastan
Dynasty Durrani dynasty
Father Timur Shah Durrani
"Interior of the palace of Shauh Shujah Ool Moolk, Late King of Cabul"
History of Afghanistan
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Shuja Shah Durrani (also known as Shāh Shujāʻ, Shah Shujah, Shoja Shah, Shujah al-Mulk) (c. November 4, 1785 – April 5, 1842) was ruler of the Durrani Empire from 1803 to 1809. He then ruled from 1839 until his death in 1842. Shuja Shah was of the Sadozai line of the Abdali group of Pashtuns. He became the fifth Emir of Afghanistan.[1]
Contents
1 Family
2 Marriages
3 Career
3.1 Depositions, imprisonments and alliances
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Family
Shuja Shah was the son of Timur Shah Durrani of the Durrani Empire. He ousted his brother, Mahmud Shah, from power, and ruled Afghanistan from 1803 to 1809.
Marriages
A daughter of Fath Khan Tokhi
Wafa Begum
A daughter of Sayyid Amir Haidar Khan; Amir of Bokhara
A daughter of Khan Bahadur Khan Malikdin Khel
A daughter of Sardar Haji Rahmatu'llah Khan Sardozai; Wazir
Sarwar Begum
Bibi Mastan; of Indian origin
Career
Depositions, imprisonments and alliances
Shuja Shah was the governor of Herat and Peshawar from 1798 to 1801. He proclaimed himself as King of Afghanistan in October 1801 (after the deposition of his brother Zaman Shah), but only properly ascended to the throne on July 13, 1803.
Shuja allied Afghanistan with the United Kingdom in 1809, as a means of defending against a combined invasion of India by Napoleon and Russia.
Order of the Durrani Empire, founded by Shuja Shah in 1839. It was awarded to a number of officers of the Bengal Army. Musée national de la Légion d'Honneur et des Ordres de Chevalerie.
On May 3, 1809, he was overthrown by his predecessor Mahmud Shah shaha shujah first went to balochistan to save his life but khan of kalat baloch told him to leave so he went into exile in India, where he was captured by Jahandad Khan Bamizai and imprisoned at Attock (1811–2) and then taken to by Atta Muhammad Khan Kashmir (1812–3). When Mahmud Shah's vizier Fateh Khan invaded Kashmir alongside Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army, he chose to leave with the Sikh army. He stayed in Lahore from 1813 to 1814. In return for his freedom, he handed the Koh-i-Nor diamond to Maharaja Ranjit Singh and gained his freedom. He stayed first in Punjab and later in Ludhiana with Shah Zaman. The place where he stayed in Ludhiana is presently occupied by Main Post Office near Mata Rani Chowk and a white marble stone inside the building marking his stay there can be seen.
In 1833 he struck a deal with Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Punjab: He was allowed to march his troops through Punjab, and in return he would cede Peshawar to the Sikhs if they could manage to take it. In a concerted campaign the following year, Shuja marched on Kandahar while the Sikhs, commanded by General Hari Singh Nalwa attacked Peshawar. In July, Shuja Shah was narrowly defeated at Kandahar by the Afghans under Dost Mohammad Khan and fled. The Sikhs on their part reclaimed Peshawar.
In 1838 he had gained the support of the British and the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh for wresting power from Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai. This triggered the First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842). Shuja was restored to the throne by the British on August 7, 1839,[2] almost 30 years after his deposition, but did not remain in power when the British left. He was assassinated by Shuja ud-Daula, on April 5, 1842.[3]
Lodhi Rajput Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty n
The Lodhi (or Lodha, Lodh) is a community of agriculturalists, found in India. There are many in Madhya Pradesh, to where they had emigrated from Uttar Pradesh.[1] The Lodhi are categorised as an Other Backward Class, but they claim Rajput ties and prefer to be known as "Lodhi-Rajput".[2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodhi
Lodhi is a Hindu community in India. They are Kshatriya.
Origin and History
The word Lodham first originates in Rigveda (The oldest literature of Sanatan/ Hindu dharma), Mandal-3,Sukta-53, sloka-23 [2] [3], then the word again shows its presence in Manusmriti, Chapter VII- 54 [3] [4] and in Parashuram sahitya. In all the slokas depicted, the word Lodham is used for Shoorveer / warrior/ brave. Lodh were the first Kshatriyas of the earth.
When Parashuram killed The Chakravarti King Sahastrabahoo (A Lodham) the then left over leaders of Kshatriyas (Lodham) went to The Lord Mahesh. The Lord Mahesh saved them from Parashuram and ordered all the Khastriyas (Lodham) to choose farming instead of Kshatra (weapons). As The Lord Mahesh saved the Lodhams from the atrocities of Parashuram the then he is also worshiped as The Lodheswar Mahadev. Lodhi Rajput are Chandravanshi from the lunar deity Chandra.
The Sanskrit word Rajputra is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE. The word Kshatriya (“warrior”) was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers.
To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used, which literally means “Son of King” Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput. Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages, which are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi.
The names Lodhi, Lodh, Lodha are synonymous to Lodhi Rajput. Lodhi Rajput community is diversified in many parts of India. A part of community is very much prominent in North and central India, especially in Westen UP, Vidarbha and its area near Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
They have 23 Rajgharanas (Thikans) in Indian subcontinent starting from the west
Teenkotla, in the Sialkot District of present-day Pakistan
Lodra in the Multan District of present-day Pakistan
Ludrava, Jaisalmair Rajasthan, India.
Amarpatan (National Highway No.7, 50 Km away from Maihar) MP, India.
Ramgarh, Mandla MP, India.
Gahora, Chitrakut MP, India.
Kerbana, Bateagarh, Damoh,MP, India.
Hindoriya (Hata, Damoh) MP, India.
Madanpur Mahroni, (Lalitpur) UP, India.
Mankhedi Seoni MP are just few of them.
Present
The community has diversified to a great extent, which has led it to form highly differentiated groups. .There are many groups with varied social and financial standings. They are Landlord, Jagirdar, Zamindar and occupied in agriculture and farming business. Although agriculture is major occupation, they are also having notable presence in politics, teaching, army, engineering and other areas.
Most Notables
Freedom Fighter
· Avanti Bai, a Lodhi queen of Ramgarh who opposed the British in 1857
· Gulab Singh Lodhi, freedom fighter, Unnao, Uttarpardesh
· Matadeen Lodha, freedom fighter
Politicians and Leaders
· Kalyan Singh, Ex. CM, Uttar Pradesh
· Dr. Chattarpal Singh, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Swami Shakshi Maharaj, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Hitesh Kumari Lodhi, Ex-Minister U.P
· Rajbir Singh, MLA, U.P
· Shri Ganga Prasad, Former Vice-Health Minister, U.P, MLA: 1957-1980
History of lodhi
Lodhi is a Hindu community in India. They are Kshatriya.
Origin and History
The word Lodham first originates in Rigveda (The oldest literature of Sanatan/ Hindu dharma), Mandal-3,Sukta-53, sloka-23 [2] [3], then the word again shows its presence in Manusmriti, Chapter VII- 54 [3] [4] and in Parashuram sahitya. In all the slokas depicted, the word Lodham is used for Shoorveer / warrior/ brave. Lodh were the first Kshatriyas of the earth.
When Parashuram killed The Chakravarti King Sahastrabahoo (A Lodham) the then left over leaders of Kshatriyas (Lodham) went to The Lord Mahesh. The Lord Mahesh saved them from Parashuram and ordered all the Khastriyas (Lodham) to choose farming instead of Kshatra (weapons). As The Lord Mahesh saved the Lodhams from the atrocities of Parashuram the then he is also worshiped as The Lodheswar Mahadev. Lodhi Rajput are Chandravanshi from the lunar deity Chandra.
The Sanskrit word Rajputra is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE. The word Kshatriya (“warrior”) was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers.
To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used, which literally means “Son of King” Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput. Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages, which are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi.
The names Lodhi, Lodh, Lodha are synonymous to Lodhi Rajput. Lodhi Rajput community is diversified in many parts of India. A part of community is very much prominent in North and central India, especially in Westen UP, Vidarbha and its area near Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
They have 23 Rajgharanas (Thikans) in Indian subcontinent starting from the west
Teenkotla, in the Sialkot District of present-day Pakistan
Lodra in the Multan District of present-day Pakistan
Ludrava, Jaisalmair Rajasthan, India.
Amarpatan (National Highway No.7, 50 Km away from Maihar) MP, India.
Ramgarh, Mandla MP, India.
Gahora, Chitrakut MP, India.
Kerbana, Bateagarh, Damoh,MP, India.
Hindoriya (Hata, Damoh) MP, India.
Madanpur Mahroni, (Lalitpur) UP, India.
Mankhedi Seoni MP are just few of them.
Present
The community has diversified to a great extent, which has led it to form highly differentiated groups. .There are many groups with varied social and financial standings. They are Landlord, Jagirdar, Zamindar and occupied in agriculture and farming business. Although agriculture is major occupation, they are also having notable presence in politics, teaching, army, engineering and other areas.
Most Notables
Freedom Fighter
· Avanti Bai, a Lodhi queen of Ramgarh who opposed the British in 1857
· Gulab Singh Lodhi, freedom fighter, Unnao, Uttarpardesh
· Matadeen Lodha, freedom fighter
Politicians and Leaders
· Kalyan Singh, Ex. CM, Uttar Pradesh
· Dr. Chattarpal Singh, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Swami Shakshi Maharaj, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Hitesh Kumari Lodhi, Ex-Minister U.P
· Rajbir Singh, MLA, U.P
· Shri Ganga Prasad, Former Vice-Health Minister, U.P, MLA: 1957-1980
· Prajapalan Verma, MLA - Sadar Etah, U.P
http://iamlodhi.blogspot.com/2013/03...-lodhi_28.html
The Lodi dynasty or Lodhi Dynasty (Punjabi لودی) was a Rajput dynasty[2] that ruled parts of northern India and Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of modern-day Pakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
Lodhi dynasty's reign ended under Ibrahim Lodi, who faced many attacks by Rana Sanga of Mewar, Rana Sanga defeated the Lodhis several times, which weakened his kingdom.[3] Lodhi's reign finally ended after he was defeated by Babur, the Turco-Mongol invader from Ferghana, in modern-day Uzbekistan, who later established Mughal dyansty in northern India.
Contents
1 Bahlul Lodhi Rajput
2 Sikandar Lodhi Rajput
3 Ibrahim Lodhi Rajput
4 Fall of the empire
5 Afghan factionalism
6 Rajput invasions and internal rebellions
7 Battle of Panipat, 1526
8 Accession of Babur and the Mughals
9 Rajput opposition to the Mughals
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Bahlul Lodhi Rajput
Bahlul Khan Lodi (r.1451–89) was the nephew and son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, the governor of Sirhind in (Punjab), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah (Muhammad-bin-Farid). Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of an Emir. After the last Sayyid ruler of Delhi, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on April 19, 1451.[4] Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting against the Sharqi dynasty and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne of Jaunpur in 1486.
Sikandar Lodhi Rajput
Sikandar Lodi (r.1489–1517) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on July 17, 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah. He was nominated by his father to succeed him and was crowned sultan on July 15, 1489. He refounded Agra in 1504 and constructed mosques.[5] He abolished corn duties and patronized trade and commerce. He was a poet of repute. He composed under the pen-name of Gulruk. He was also patron of learning and ordered Sanskrit work in medicine to be translated into Persian.[6]
Main article: Ibrahim Lodi
Sultan Ibrahim Lodi
Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodi (1489–1526),[7] the youngest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.[8] Sultan Ibrahim (r.1517–26) faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughals for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi Dynasty from annihilation. Sultan Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 by Mughal emperor babur with the help of Mir chakar Rind along with hsi baloch troops at the Battle of Panipat.[8] This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur (r. 1526–1530).[9]
Fall of the empire
By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi Dynasty had dissolved due to abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury.[ The Deccan was a coastal trade route, but in the late fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route resulted in cutting off supplies from the coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided.[10] The Lodi Dynasty was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn’t use those trade routes, thus their trade declined and so did their treasury leaving them vulnerable to internal political problems.[10]
The Lodhi (or Lodha, Lodh) is a community of agriculturalists, found in India. There are many in Madhya Pradesh, to where they had emigrated from Uttar Pradesh.[1] The Lodhi are categorised as an Other Backward Class, but they claim Rajput ties and prefer to be known as "Lodhi-Rajput".[2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodhi
Lodhi is a Hindu community in India. They are Kshatriya.
Origin and History
The word Lodham first originates in Rigveda (The oldest literature of Sanatan/ Hindu dharma), Mandal-3,Sukta-53, sloka-23 [2] [3], then the word again shows its presence in Manusmriti, Chapter VII- 54 [3] [4] and in Parashuram sahitya. In all the slokas depicted, the word Lodham is used for Shoorveer / warrior/ brave. Lodh were the first Kshatriyas of the earth.
When Parashuram killed The Chakravarti King Sahastrabahoo (A Lodham) the then left over leaders of Kshatriyas (Lodham) went to The Lord Mahesh. The Lord Mahesh saved them from Parashuram and ordered all the Khastriyas (Lodham) to choose farming instead of Kshatra (weapons). As The Lord Mahesh saved the Lodhams from the atrocities of Parashuram the then he is also worshiped as The Lodheswar Mahadev. Lodhi Rajput are Chandravanshi from the lunar deity Chandra.
The Sanskrit word Rajputra is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE. The word Kshatriya (“warrior”) was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers.
To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used, which literally means “Son of King” Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput. Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages, which are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi.
The names Lodhi, Lodh, Lodha are synonymous to Lodhi Rajput. Lodhi Rajput community is diversified in many parts of India. A part of community is very much prominent in North and central India, especially in Westen UP, Vidarbha and its area near Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
They have 23 Rajgharanas (Thikans) in Indian subcontinent starting from the west
Teenkotla, in the Sialkot District of present-day Pakistan
Lodra in the Multan District of present-day Pakistan
Ludrava, Jaisalmair Rajasthan, India.
Amarpatan (National Highway No.7, 50 Km away from Maihar) MP, India.
Ramgarh, Mandla MP, India.
Gahora, Chitrakut MP, India.
Kerbana, Bateagarh, Damoh,MP, India.
Hindoriya (Hata, Damoh) MP, India.
Madanpur Mahroni, (Lalitpur) UP, India.
Mankhedi Seoni MP are just few of them.
Present
The community has diversified to a great extent, which has led it to form highly differentiated groups. .There are many groups with varied social and financial standings. They are Landlord, Jagirdar, Zamindar and occupied in agriculture and farming business. Although agriculture is major occupation, they are also having notable presence in politics, teaching, army, engineering and other areas.
Most Notables
Freedom Fighter
· Avanti Bai, a Lodhi queen of Ramgarh who opposed the British in 1857
· Gulab Singh Lodhi, freedom fighter, Unnao, Uttarpardesh
· Matadeen Lodha, freedom fighter
Politicians and Leaders
· Kalyan Singh, Ex. CM, Uttar Pradesh
· Dr. Chattarpal Singh, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Swami Shakshi Maharaj, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Hitesh Kumari Lodhi, Ex-Minister U.P
· Rajbir Singh, MLA, U.P
· Shri Ganga Prasad, Former Vice-Health Minister, U.P, MLA: 1957-1980
History of lodhi
Lodhi is a Hindu community in India. They are Kshatriya.
Origin and History
The word Lodham first originates in Rigveda (The oldest literature of Sanatan/ Hindu dharma), Mandal-3,Sukta-53, sloka-23 [2] [3], then the word again shows its presence in Manusmriti, Chapter VII- 54 [3] [4] and in Parashuram sahitya. In all the slokas depicted, the word Lodham is used for Shoorveer / warrior/ brave. Lodh were the first Kshatriyas of the earth.
When Parashuram killed The Chakravarti King Sahastrabahoo (A Lodham) the then left over leaders of Kshatriyas (Lodham) went to The Lord Mahesh. The Lord Mahesh saved them from Parashuram and ordered all the Khastriyas (Lodham) to choose farming instead of Kshatra (weapons). As The Lord Mahesh saved the Lodhams from the atrocities of Parashuram the then he is also worshiped as The Lodheswar Mahadev. Lodhi Rajput are Chandravanshi from the lunar deity Chandra.
The Sanskrit word Rajputra is found in ancient texts, including the Vedas, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. It was used by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini in the 4th century BCE. The word Kshatriya (“warrior”) was used for the Vedic community of warriors and rulers.
To differentiate royal warriors from other Kshatriyas the word Rajputra was used, which literally means “Son of King” Rajputra eventually was shortened to Rajput. Rajputs belong to one of three great patrilineages, which are Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi.
The names Lodhi, Lodh, Lodha are synonymous to Lodhi Rajput. Lodhi Rajput community is diversified in many parts of India. A part of community is very much prominent in North and central India, especially in Westen UP, Vidarbha and its area near Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
They have 23 Rajgharanas (Thikans) in Indian subcontinent starting from the west
Teenkotla, in the Sialkot District of present-day Pakistan
Lodra in the Multan District of present-day Pakistan
Ludrava, Jaisalmair Rajasthan, India.
Amarpatan (National Highway No.7, 50 Km away from Maihar) MP, India.
Ramgarh, Mandla MP, India.
Gahora, Chitrakut MP, India.
Kerbana, Bateagarh, Damoh,MP, India.
Hindoriya (Hata, Damoh) MP, India.
Madanpur Mahroni, (Lalitpur) UP, India.
Mankhedi Seoni MP are just few of them.
Present
The community has diversified to a great extent, which has led it to form highly differentiated groups. .There are many groups with varied social and financial standings. They are Landlord, Jagirdar, Zamindar and occupied in agriculture and farming business. Although agriculture is major occupation, they are also having notable presence in politics, teaching, army, engineering and other areas.
Most Notables
Freedom Fighter
· Avanti Bai, a Lodhi queen of Ramgarh who opposed the British in 1857
· Gulab Singh Lodhi, freedom fighter, Unnao, Uttarpardesh
· Matadeen Lodha, freedom fighter
Politicians and Leaders
· Kalyan Singh, Ex. CM, Uttar Pradesh
· Dr. Chattarpal Singh, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Swami Shakshi Maharaj, Ex. M.P. Rajya Sabha
· Hitesh Kumari Lodhi, Ex-Minister U.P
· Rajbir Singh, MLA, U.P
· Shri Ganga Prasad, Former Vice-Health Minister, U.P, MLA: 1957-1980
· Prajapalan Verma, MLA - Sadar Etah, U.P
http://iamlodhi.blogspot.com/2013/03...-lodhi_28.html
The Lodi dynasty or Lodhi Dynasty (Punjabi لودی) was a Rajput dynasty[2] that ruled parts of northern India and Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of modern-day Pakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
Lodhi dynasty's reign ended under Ibrahim Lodi, who faced many attacks by Rana Sanga of Mewar, Rana Sanga defeated the Lodhis several times, which weakened his kingdom.[3] Lodhi's reign finally ended after he was defeated by Babur, the Turco-Mongol invader from Ferghana, in modern-day Uzbekistan, who later established Mughal dyansty in northern India.
Contents
1 Bahlul Lodhi Rajput
2 Sikandar Lodhi Rajput
3 Ibrahim Lodhi Rajput
4 Fall of the empire
5 Afghan factionalism
6 Rajput invasions and internal rebellions
7 Battle of Panipat, 1526
8 Accession of Babur and the Mughals
9 Rajput opposition to the Mughals
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Bahlul Lodhi Rajput
Bahlul Khan Lodi (r.1451–89) was the nephew and son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, the governor of Sirhind in (Punjab), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah (Muhammad-bin-Farid). Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of an Emir. After the last Sayyid ruler of Delhi, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on April 19, 1451.[4] Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting against the Sharqi dynasty and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne of Jaunpur in 1486.
Sikandar Lodhi Rajput
Sikandar Lodi (r.1489–1517) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on July 17, 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah. He was nominated by his father to succeed him and was crowned sultan on July 15, 1489. He refounded Agra in 1504 and constructed mosques.[5] He abolished corn duties and patronized trade and commerce. He was a poet of repute. He composed under the pen-name of Gulruk. He was also patron of learning and ordered Sanskrit work in medicine to be translated into Persian.[6]
Main article: Ibrahim Lodi
Sultan Ibrahim Lodi
Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodi (1489–1526),[7] the youngest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.[8] Sultan Ibrahim (r.1517–26) faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughals for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi Dynasty from annihilation. Sultan Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 by Mughal emperor babur with the help of Mir chakar Rind along with hsi baloch troops at the Battle of Panipat.[8] This marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur (r. 1526–1530).[9]
Fall of the empire
By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi Dynasty had dissolved due to abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury.[ The Deccan was a coastal trade route, but in the late fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route resulted in cutting off supplies from the coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided.[10] The Lodi Dynasty was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn’t use those trade routes, thus their trade declined and so did their treasury leaving them vulnerable to internal political problems.[10]
Afghans vs Sikh and Maratha Empire
Maraja Ranjit Singh
During the Battle between Afghans and Sikh lot of sikh women were raped by Afghan and lot of afghan women were raped by Sikh also
The Battle of Attock (also known as the Battle of Chuch or the Battle of Haidru) took place on 13 July 1813 between the Sikh Empire and the Durrani Empire.[3] The battle was the first significant Sikh victory over the Durranis.[2
In 1811–12, Ranjit Singh invaded the hill states of Bhimber, Rajauri, and Kullu in preparation for an invasion of Kashmir.[4] In late 1812, Fateh Khan, the Vizier of Kabul, crossed the Indus river under orders from Mahmud Shah Durrani to raid Kashmir and to free Shuja Shah Durrani from its renegade vizier, Atta Muhammad Khan. In an 1812 interview with Ranjit Singh, Fateh Khan agreed to a joint invasion of Kashmir. He could not invade Kashmir if he was opposed by the Sikh Empire,[5] and agreed that a small Sikh force under Dewan Mokham Chand would receive one third of the plunder.
Both invasions began at Jhelum, but once the armies reached the Pir Panjal Range, Fateh Khan used a heavy snowfall to double march his veteran mountain troops through the range.[6] However, Dewan Mokham Chand offered the Rajauri raja a large jagir if he could find a path through the range that would allow the Sikhs to reach the valley of Kashmir at the same time as the Afghan troops and was able to have a small body of troops under Jodh Singh Kalsia and Nihal Singh Attari present at the captures of Hari Parbat and Shergarh. The vizier of Kashmir, Atta Muhammad Khan, had offered no resistance to either army but Fateh Khan refused to share the spoils.[6] Shuja Shah Durrani chose to be escorted by Dewan Mokham Chand to Lahore, the capital of the Sikh Empire, out of fear of becoming a prisoner at Kabul.[5]
Ranjit Singh became annoyed at Fateh Khan's refusal to share plunder and opened negotiations with the renegade governor of Attock, Jahandad Khan, brother to the recently deposed Atta Muhammad Khan of Kashmir,[6] and took control of the fort at Attock.[5] After Jahandad Khan accepted his jagir, Dia Singh, a Sardar with a small contingent of troops in the area, took control of Fort Attock including 3,510 Maunds of grain, 439 rounds of cannon shot, 70 cannon and small mortars, and 255 Maunds of rock salt.[7] Hari Singh Nalwa arrived with Dewan Devi Das and a detachment of cavalry to support the garrison at an unknown date.[8]
Battle
Attock Fort, whose capture by the Sikh Empire lead to the Battle of Attock
Attock Fort
Accusing Ranjit Singh of treachery, Fateh Khan set off from Kashmir at the head of 15,000 cavalry[9] in April 1813 and invested Attock Fort.[10] At the same time Ranjit Singh rushed Dewan Mokham Chand and Karam Chand Chahal from Burhan with a force of cavalry, artillery, and a battalion of infantry to meet the Afghans.[7]
Dewan Mokham Chand encamped 8 miles (13 km) from the Afghan camp,[11] unwilling to risk a decisive engagement, although both sides engaged in numerous skirmishes and took losses. On 12 July 1812, the Afghans' supplies were exhausted and Dewan Mokham Chand marched 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Attock to Haidaru, on the banks of the Indus River, to offer battle. On 13 July 1812, Dewan Mokham Chand split the cavalry into four divisions, giving command of one division to Hari Singh Nalwa and taking command of one division himself. The lone battalion of infantry formed an infantry square protecting the artillery, with Gouse Khan commanding the artillery.[7] The Afghans took up positions opposite the Sikhs, with a portion of their cavalry under the command of Dost Mohammad Khan.
Fateh Khan opened the battle by sending his Ghazis on a cavalry charge which was repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery.[7] The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, who led the Ghazis on another cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery.[10] When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a war elephant that repulsed the Afghans "at all points",[11] and routed the remaining Afghan troops.[2] Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces.[12]
Aftermath
Amritsar, Lahore, and other large cities across the Sikh Empire were illuminated for two months afterwards in rejoicing over the victory.[13] After his defeat at Attock, Fateh Khan fought off an attempt by Ali Shah, the ruler of Persia, and his son Ali Mirza to capture the Durrani province of Herat, which left their newly captured province of Kashmir open to attack.[14]
Battle of Multan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Multan
Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars
Battle of Multan - Devender Singh.jpg
Date March – 2 June 1818
Location Battle at Multan, extended siege at Multan Fort
30.198247°N 71.470311°E
Result Decisive Sikh victory
Belligerents
Nishan Sahib.svg Sikh Empire Flag of the Abdali Afghan Tribes.jpeg Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Kharak Singh[nb 1]
Dewan Mokham Chand
Hari Singh Nalwa Nawab Muzaffar Khan Sadozai[2]
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The Battle of Multan was a battle between a Vizier of the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire that started in March 1818 and ended on 2 June 1818.[3]
Contents
1 Background
2 Battle
3 Aftermath
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
Background
This map of Multan from 1873 shows the prominence of the Multan Fort
After he was defeated at the Battle of Attock, the Durrani Vizier, Fateh Khan, fought off an attempt by Ali Shah, the ruler of Persia, to capture the Durrani province of Herat.[4] He was joined by his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, and the rogue Sikh Sardar Jai Singh Attarwalia. Once they had captured the city, Fateh Khan attempted to remove the ruler, a relation of his superior, Mahmud Shah, and rule in his stead. In the attempt to take the city from its Durrani ruler, Dost Mohammad Khan's men robbed a princess of her jewels.[5] Kamran Durrani, Mahmud Shah's son, used this as a pretext to remove Fateh Khan from power, and had him horribly tortured and executed.[5]
While in power, however, Fateh Khan had installed twenty-one of his brothers in positions of power throughout the Durrani Empire. After his death, they rebelled and divided up the provinces of the empire between themselves. During this turbulent period Kabul had many temporary rulers until Dost Mohammad Khan captured the city in 1826.[6]
The Sikh Empire had attacked Multan multiple times in the past, the largest attack being in 1810. However, on the previous occasions the Sikh forces would defeat the defending force and seize the city only to have the governor of Multan, Muzaffar Khan Sadozai, retreat into the Multan Fort. During previous sieges the Sikhs had settled for large single payments of tribute, while the attack in 1810 resulted in Multan paying a yearly tribute. Muzaffar Khan already ruled the Durrani province of Multan independently of the descendants of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the rulers of Kabul. With the relatives of the deceased Fateh Khan engulfed in a power struggle with Mahmud Shah, no Durrani force would be able to relieve him.
Battle
In early 1818, Ranjit Singh ordered the Sikh army to rendezvous on the south-west frontier of the Sikh Empire to make preparations for an expedition against Multan.[7] By January 1818, the Sikh Empire had established an extensive supply chain from the capital, Lahore, to Multan, with the use of boat transports to ferry supplies across the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers.[1] Rani Raj Kaur herself oversaw the steady supply of grain, horses, and ammunition being sent to the at Kot Kamalia, a town equally distanced between Multan and Lahore.[1]
In early January the Sikh force began their campaign with the capture of Nawab Muzaffar Khan's forts at Muzaffargarh and Khangarh. In February, the Sikh force under Kharak Singh reached Multan and ordered Muzaffar to pay the large tribute he owed and to surrender the fort, but Muzaffar refused. The Sikh forces won an engagement near the city but were unable to capture Muzaffar before he retreated into the fort. The Sikh army asked for more artillery and Ranjit Singh sent them the Zamzama and other large artillery pieces, which commenced fire on the walls of the fort. In early June, Sadhu Singh and a small band of other Akalis attacked the fort walls and discovered a breach in the wall. As they ran in to battle the unaware garrison the larger Sikh army was alerted and entered the fort through the breach. Muzaffar and his sons attempted a sortie to defend the fort but were killed in the battle.
Battle of Shopian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Shopian[nb 1]
Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars
Date 3 July 1819[nb 2]
Location Battle at Shopian
33.72°N 74.83°E
Result Decisive Sikh victory
Belligerents
Nishan Sahib.svg Sikh Empire Flag of the Abdali Afghan Tribes.jpeg Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Ranjit Singh
Dewan Mokham Chand
Kharak Singh
Hari Singh Nalwa Jabbar Khan
Agar Khan
Strength
8000 soldiers[nb 3] unknown
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The Battle of Shopian took place on 3 July 1819 between an expeditionary force from the Sikh Empire and Jabbar Khan, the governor of the Durrani Empire province of Kashmir. It was the decisive battle in the 1819 Kashmir expedition
Contents
1 Background
2 1819 Kashmir expedition
3 Battle
4 Aftermath
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
Background
The defeat of the Sikh forces during the 1814 Invasion of Kashmir by the Durrani Empire and its local allies reduced Sikh influence on the hill states around Kashmir. From 1814 to 1819, the Sikh Empire was forced to send successive punitive expeditions against the hill states of Bhimber, Rajauri, Poonch, Nurpur, and others. By subduing rebellions in these states the Sikh Empire was attempting to keep control of the routes through the Pir Panjal range and into Kashmir. However the Durrani Empire kept de facto control of the areas because the Pir Panjal Range blocked supplies and fresh troops to the Sikh armies.
By 1819, Azim Khan had taken a force of troops to Kabul. Birbal Dhar, Azim Khan's revenue minister, traveled to Lahore, the capital of the Sikh Empire, and asked Maharaja Ranjit Singh to annex Kashmir from the Durrani Empire.[2] He informed Ranjit Singh that Azim Khan was no longer leading the Durrani forces in Kashmir, and supplied information on invasion routes into Kashmir.
1819 Kashmir expedition
1819 Kashmir expedition
Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars
Type Military Expedition
Location Kashmir
Objective Annex Kashmir to Sikh Empire
Executed by Sikh Army
Outcome Decisive Sikh Victory
The Sikh expeditionary force established two armories for the expedition at Gujrat and Wazirabad.[3] On 20 April, Ranjit Singh ordered 30,000 men from Lahore to the hill states at the foot of the Pir Panjal range.[3] The expedition was split into three columns: Dewan Mokham Chand commanded the advance force, Kharak Singh commanded the rear guard, and Ranjit Singh commanded a reserve of 10,000 troops[3] protecting the supply train.[4] The expeditionary force marched to Bhimber and resupplied, capturing the fort of a local Hakim without resistance.[3] On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached Rajouri and its ruler, Agar Khan rebelled and forced a battle. Hari Singh Nalwa took command of a force and routed his army, which offered an unconditional surrender after losing most of its men and war supplies.[3] Agar Khan was caught attempting to escape and sent to Bhimber, where Ranjit Singh was holding his Durbar (court). His brother, Rahimullah Khan, was appointed the raja of Rajauri in return for assistance in navigating the Behram Pass.
Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed faujdar charged with guarding it fled to Srinagar. Mir Mohammad Khan, the kotwal of Poonch, and Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of Shopian, attempted a defense at the Dhaki Deo and Maja passes but were defeated and surrendered to Dewan Mokham Chand on 23 June 1819.[1] Kharak Singh now advanced to Surdee Thana.[1][nb 4] while Dewan Mokham Chand split his force into three divisions and ordered them to cross the Pir Panjal Range through different passes.
Battle
The army regrouped at Surai Ali[nb 5] on the road to Shopian. On 3 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to Srinagar but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan. The Durrani force had heavily entrenched itself in preparation for the Sikh artillery attack and brought heavy artillery,[7] which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.[8]
Once his artillery was in range, Dewan Mokham Chand opened the battle with an artillery barrage and multiple infantry and cavalry charges. The Durrani army was able to hold back the Sikh attempts to storm their lines until the Sikhs began moving their guns forward. However, when Dewan Mokham Chand was overseeing the movement of guns on the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening and led the Durrani right flank which stormed Dewan Mokham Chand's artillery battery, captured two guns, and threw the Sikh left flank in "disarray".[9] However the Durrani force attacking the Sikh left flank was exposed from their left and Akali Phoola Singh, the commander of the Sikh right flank, rallied his troops and led his command in a charge across the battlefield to the artillery battery. After a close quarters fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while escaping the battlefield.[3]
Aftermath
Although both sides sustained heavy losses, Jabbar Khan and his army retreated from the battlefield and fled in disorder from Kashmir over the Indus river.[10] When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large Shawl-making industry, was also the center of trade between Panjab, Tibet, Iskardo, and Ladakh.[11]
After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering Kashmir. However, when Ranjit Singh installed Moti Ram, the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.[10] The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue.[11]
Battle of Nowshera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Battle of Nowshera
Part of Afghan-Sikh wars
Date 14 March 1823
Location Pir Sabak Hill, Nowkhaar Province, Afghanistan
Result Sikh Empire victory
Territorial
changes Peshawar valley
Belligerents
Nishan Sahib.svg Sikh Empire Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg Emirate of Afghanistan
Commanders and leaders
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Muhammed Azem Khan Barakzai & Syed Akbar Shah
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The Battle of Nowshera was fought in March 1823 between the forces of Pashtun tribesmen with support from Muhammad Azem Khan Barakzai, Durrani governor against the Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[2] The battle was a decisive victory for the Sikhs and led to their occupation of the Peshawar valley.[3]
Contents
1 Background
2 Battle
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
Background
In 1818, Ranjit Singh made an aggressive push against the Durranis, defeating the Kabul Vizier and Muhammad Azem Khan Barakzai he pushed as far as Peshawar, which under the Durrani Governor (and Azem Khan's brother) Yar Muhammad Khan accepted his rule and paid tribute as a vassal. With this victory Ranjit Singh withdrew from the Peshawar valley leaving a small garrison in a newly constructed fort at Khairabad, modern day Nowshera. This was in turn followed by Ranjit Singh's capture of Kashmir in 1819 from Azem Khan's other brother Jabbar Khan.
Angered by his defeats, Azem Khan recaptured Peshawar in 1822, he made a call for jihad against the Sikhs and hurried to Nowshera where Muhammad Zaman Khan successfully destroyed the bridge at Attock, effectively trapping the Sikh garrisons west of the Indus. However Ranjit Singh had already reinforced his forces in Nowshera including general Hari Singh Nalwa with backing from Pashtun tribes loyal to Shah Shuja. These forces successfully repulsed attacks by Pashtun ghazis and Durrani troops at Jahangira and withdrew to Nowshera hoping to link up with Ranjit Singh.[3]
Battle
Ranjit Singh by this point had brought up his army to the east of Hund, on the opposite bank, a lashkar of thousands of fighters led by Syed Ahmad Shah of Buner had started forming. Despite the odds, Ranjit Singh's forces crossed the Indus under fierce attacks. The lashkar then withdrew to Pir Sabak hill where they concentrated their forces and hoped to gain support from the Durrani troops and their artillery under Azem Khan.[1]
Azem Khan for unknown reasons, did not cross the Kabul River straight away to link up with the tribesmen. Ranjit Singh realising the situation concentrated his artillery and infantry on the lashkar and left a small detachment under General Ventura to forestall any crossing by Azem Khan.[1] What proceeded was ferocious hand-to-hand fights between the Tribal lashkar and the Sikh Khalsa. Finally after the fourth attack, led personally by Ranjit Singh and his personal bodyguard themselves the hill was carried. By the late evening the lashkar realised that Azem Khan had withdrawn from the battle and abandoned his allies. This coupled with the withering attacks by the Sikh artillery, broke the lashkar's resolve and thought willing to rally again under their Pir Ahmad Shah they dispersed in disarray, the Sikh victory was complete.
Aftermath
Swiftly securing Nowshera, Ranjit Singh's forces captured Peshawar and reached Jamrud itself. Destroying the remains of Durrani power, they reduced Peshawar to ruins and secured the Khyber Pass so no Durrani reinforcements could threaten them again.[1]
The tribesman of Khattaks and Yousafzais suffered enormous casualties due to the Sikh artillery and the seeming betrayal by the Muhammadzai Sardars led to a lack of trust in the Durranis' word from then onwards.
Azem Khan's retreat has never been explained fully, some say he believed his brother had returned to recapture Peshawar at the behest of the Sikhs, others attribute his retreat to cowardice or fear of being cut off by the ferocious Sikh attack. He did not recover from the shock of the defeat and died shortly after the battle.[1]
Ranjit Singh's victory was to mark the highpoint of his campaigns, his empire now stretched from the Khyber Pass to the west, to the north Kashmir and to the south Multan. With this victory he planned to eventually push further west and take the Afghan capital of Kabul itself.
Battle of Peshawar (1834)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Battle of Peshawar (disambiguation).
Battle of Peshawar
Part of Afghan-Sikh Wars
Date May 6, 1834
Location Peshawar
Result Sikh Victory
Afghan forces withdraw
Belligerents
Nishan Sahib.svg Sikh Empire Flag of Herat until 1842.svg Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Hari Singh Nalwa Dost Mohammad Khan
Sultan Mohammad Khan
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Attock
1st Kashmir
Multan
2nd Kashmir
Shopian
Nowshera
Peshawar
Jamrud
The Battle of Peshawar took place on May 6, 1834 between the Sikh Empire and the Durrani Empire.[1] Maharaj Ranjit Singh had previously won and lost the city twice and sent General Hari Singh Nalwa to capture it. After brief fighting Hari Singh Nalwa forced Sultan Mohammad Khan to evacuate the city.[2] A large Afghan force under his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan arrived in support of him but withdrew.[2] Hari Singh Nalwa then installed Sultan Mohammad Khan as governor of the city as a vassal to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Finally Peshawar fell under Sikh rule after 998 years when it was ruled by King Jaipal who was killed by Afghans and territory became a part of Kingdom of Kabul in 1000 A.D.[citation needed]
Battle of Peshawar (1758) Maratha victory over afghans
The Battle of Peshawar took place in on 8 May 1758 between Maratha Empire and the Durrani Empire. The Marathas were victorious in the battle and Peshawar was captured. Before that, the fort of Peshawar was being guarded by Durrani troops under Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan. After being defeated by the army of Marathas, they managed to escape the fort and fled to Afghanistan. The victory in this battle is considered a great success for Marathas as now their rule had extended to the border of Afghanistan, located 2000 km far from their capital Pune.
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